Economics 201 Microeconomics Tutorial 7 Question 1: "In the long run equilibrium of a monopolistically competitive industry profits are driven to zero but the outcome is not "efficient" as opposed to the long run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive market." Briefly explain what this means. Your answer should be accompanied by TWO NEATLY LABELLED diagrams, one each for the long run equilibrium in the two markets. Question 2: A monopolist has the cost function TC = 10Q and faces a demand curve of the form. P = 70 − 2Q. (i) Calculate the monopolist’s profit-maximising price-quantity combination and profits. (ii) What is the magnitude of the consumer surplus and how much profit does the monopolist make? (iii) Suppose this industry opens up to competition, with free entry and exit, and all firms having access to the same technology as the current monopolist. Calculate the long-run equilibrium output level produced by the industry. (iv) Show that this exceeds the sum of monopolist’s profits and the consumer surplus in (ii). (v) What is the value of the deadweight loss? Depict the profit maximizing outcome, consumer surplus, profit and deadweight loss in a neatly labelled diagram. Question 3: Assume that a monopolist sells a product with a total cost function of: TC = 1200 + 0.5Q2 The market demand curve is given by P = 300 – Q. Find the profit-maximising output and price for this monopolist. Is the monopolist profitable? Question 4: Consider a monopolist facing a demand curve P = 200 – Q. (i) Suppose the monopolist argues that the profit maximizing price and quantity are given by P = $100 and Q = 100. What can you conclude about the monopolist’s cost structure? (ii) What is the price elasticity of demand at this price-quantity configuration? (iii) Now, alternatively, suppose the monopolist has linear cost of the form. TC = 20Q implying AC = MC = $20. What is the profit maximizing price and quantity? (iv) What is the price elasticity of demand at this profit-maximizing price-quantity configuration?
Hello, dear friend, you can consult us at any time if you have any questions, add Project Description It is now three weeks since the commencement of your role as a Mechanical Asset Engineer, and you are ready to embark on your first integrity assessment project in the plant. The integrity inspector calls for an urgent meeting to which you are invited. During the meeting you learn that the skirt’s thickness of a vertical pressure vessel (V2-1979) has decreased substantially. The pressure vessel (V2-1979) is located at the beginning of the production line, and its overhaul comes with a huge financial loss that the management team is attempting to avoid. The V2-1979 vessel consists of a 4.2 meter cylindrical support (skirt), two ellipsoidal ends, and a 30m shell. Figures 4, 5, and 6 show the full vessel supported with skirt, the shell with ellipsoidal heads without the skirt, and the shell cross section, respectively. Figures 7, 8 and 9 depict the 3D view of skirt with refractory bricks and manhole, along with a cross-sectional view. A complete CAD drawing is available at the end of Part 1 of the assignment to assist you in developing the model. The skirt, which acts as a supporting structure, is typically attached to the bottom of the vessel through a circumferential weld. In our case, the joint weld efficiency is 100%, ensuring that this connection provides stability and evenly distributes the load. The integrity team engaged a contractor to perform. a 3D laser scan of the entire circumference of the skirt for the first meter from the ground. The results are displayed in Figures 1, 2, and 3. For this purpose, the refractory bricks, which provide fireproofing protection, are removed both internally and externally from the skirt so that the actual carbon steel plate can be accessed for thickness measurement. Think of the skirt as a thin cylindrical plate covered by refractory bricks for fire isolation. The issue is that the thickness of the actual carbon steel plate beneath these bricks is decreasing, necessitating the removal of the refractory bricks to take accurate thickness measurements. The laser scan method offers a more robust thickness measurement compared to traditional UT techniques; however, it is still prone to inaccuracies. According to the contractor who conducted the measurement, a tolerance of 1 mm must be considered when using the data. As shown, these 3D thickness surveys include contour plots on the right-hand side, indicating the measured thickness. The thickness of several red zones has been marked for reference. To gain a better understanding and analysis of the data, one can map each zone with the contour to understand the corrosion pattern more comprehensively. Wind and Seismic Loading, The vessel is exposed to the wind force as well as the seismic loading. However, according to AS1210-2010, their cumulative effect must not be considered. In other words, between seismic loading and wind force only one with a greater value should be taken as the bending moment. You have access to an old wind and seismic load calculation performed by a former contractor using PV-Elite software. According to this report, the wind force and seismic load produce bending moments with magnitudes of 3133 [KN.m] and 4008 [KN.m] around the skirt, respectively. However, the problem with this data is that it cannot be verified due to the contractor’s refusal to supply a detailed calculation report, and you have only access to the final results of their calculation. Thus, it is up to you whether to trust these bending moment data (provided by the former contractor) or to recalculate the wind and seismic bending moments from scratch. Should you decide to recalculate these external bending moments due to wind and seismic forcing, refer to the relevant Australian Standards (AS-NZS 1170.2-2002 & AS-NZS 1170.4-2002 ) uploaded on LMS. Alternatively, you can use the guideline document (also uploaded on LMS) that provides a different method for computing wind & seismic load based on the Pressure Vessel Handbook (Megyesy, 2001b). About V2-1979, Originally designed in 1977, fully fabricated in 1978, and installed onsite by 1979. The vessel contains a mixture of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) with a density around 490kg/m3. According to the available drawing of V2-1979, the nominal thickness of the skirt is 16mm. However, one of the most experienced engineers of the plant who had been involved in the manufacturing of the vessel tells you that the nominal thickness is around 24mm. While the original thickness at the time of fabrication remains unclear, the current thickness measurements ofthe skirt are available (as shown in Figure 1, 2, and 3.) Part A Questions that you need to answer in your theoretical analysis. [a] Determine all the stresses that are acting on the shell and its support (the skirt). Draw a free body diagram for all components of the vessel. [b] Calculate all the stresses identified in the previous part. Tabulate your final answers in SI units. [c] Make a comparison between the hoop and longitudinal stress at different sections of the vessel. Explain which one is greater in each section. Why? [d] Suppose the vessel is empty. Redo part a to c. Assume the hydro-test condition (the vessel is filled with water). Redo part a to c. Compare and contrast the results. What is the main difference? [e] What is the minimum acceptable thickness of the skirt under the operating condition of the vessel? Assuming no significant change in the operating condition, how the skirt’s thickness will change in the next 15 years. Plot the thickness reduction trend as a function of time (year). Show all the steps clearly, and state any assumptions made. [f] What is the minimum acceptable thickness of the shell, top and bottom heads? Plot the cumulative hoop and longitudinal stress as a function of thickness for each component and explain the position of the minimum thickness point on the graphs, what do they physically mean? [g] As a result of wind, the V2-1979 vessel develops vibration. What is the maximum allowable period of vibration? Is the vessel safe from a vibration point of view? (Hint: Use the guideline document on LMS to find the relevant formula). [h] Your senior suggests that this pressure vessel was not stress-relieved during manufacturing. How does this impact your analysis? How can you confirm if this claim is true? What changes would you make in your stress analysis, and what is the path forward? (2 marks) [i] If you were to introduce thermal stresses, how would that change your theoretical analysis? [j] Suppose the initial thickness of the skirt is 12mm. How would that change the remnant life of the vessel? [k] List any relevant sources of error that could have impacted your calculation. Part B The full configuration of a horizontal pressure vessel with hemispherical end caps is shown in Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13. All dimensions are provided in the figures, except the wall thickness, which is 20 mm. All components are made of steel with yield strength, σy = 620 MPa, Young’s modulus E = 210GPa, Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.29, and density, ρ = 7800kg/m3 are welded onto the cylindrical pressure vessel. 1. (Analytical Study) Questions that you need to answer in your theoretical analysis: [a] Determine the yield pressure if the pressure vessel is considered to be thin walled. [b] If it is not considered thin-walled, determine the yield pressure. Is the difference between this and the yield pressure determined using the thin-walled assumption (part 1) significant? [c] As pressure is increased beyond the initial yield point, more and more of the wall of the pressure vessel will yield. Determine the pressure required to yield the vessel to 5mm. [d] Assuming the steel becomes perfectly plastic after yield, determine the residual stress in the pressure vessel walls. [e] A thick-walled pressure vessel of similar dimensions to that considered here has been sent to the surface of the planet Venus as a container for automated expedition equipment. Sufficient time has elapsed such that the vessel has expanded due to the high temperatures on Venus. The vessel is now exactly the same dimensions as that given in the figure below. (Ignore any stresses due to thermal expansion and any other temperature-related effects). A valve is then opened and the pressure inside the vessel equalizes with the atmospheric pressure on Venus. Calculate the hoop stress in the walls of the pressure vessel and clearly state your assumptions and/or relevant data sources.
Two citizens must vote to elect Candidate A or Candidate B to office. Both citizens agree that Candidate A is better if the world is in state alpha and Candidate B is better if the world is in state beta. If the better candidate for the state of the world wins, then each citizen gets a payoff of 1, versus a payoff of 0 if the worse candidate wins. If there is a tie, the citizens each get a payoff of 0.5. There are only two candidates and two states. Suppose that Citizen 1 is informed of the state, whereas Citizen 2 believes the state is alpha with probability 0.9 and beta with probability 0.1. Each citizen may vote for A, vote for B, or abstain (not vote). a) Depict this as a Bayesian game. b) Find the Bayesian Nash Equilibria. i) Show that the Bayesian game has two pure-strategy Bayesian Nash equilibria, one in which 2 votes for A, and one in which 2 abstains. ii) Show that one of the player's actions is weakly dominated in the first of these equilibria. A common equilibrium selection criterion argues that equilibria in which some player is playing a (weakly) dominated strategy are less robust, and therefore less compelling predictions of behavior, than equilibria in which all players play undominated strategies. c) The second equilibrium in (b), that is, the one that would be chosen by the selection criterion described in (b.ii), is often called "the swing voter's curse." Why is that an appropriate description? (Ask yourself when the uninformed voter's action changes the outcome, and whether she is pleased with the effect of her action.) d) Think about this game and the jury game we did in class. In both games, it is assumed that voters/jurors have the same underlying preferences over the candidates/verdicts, and any differences in their behavior. are a result of differences in their beliefs about the world (whether they are different ex ante, as in the model above, or different because they receive different signals during the game, as in the Jury game we did in class.) What role does that assumption play in determining the results? To answer this question, it helps to think about how the results would be different if the players had different underlying preferences. Toward that end, write a variant of the game in which there is some difference in the players preferences—perhaps one player is biased toward choosing A for reasons that have nothing to do with the state— and find the equilibrium of that game. Describe some real-world situations in which people vote to choose an outcome for which this would be a good model, and explain why it is a good model of that situation. You may find it helpful to provide an example that would not fit the model well, and explain why, as a point of contrast. e) Commentators often lament the fact that many voters take cues from candidate endorsements from (seemingly politically engaged) elites, celebrities, or local community leaders, rather than becoming better informed about the issues themselves. Based on the analysis you completed above, do you agree or disagree with this lamentation? In what circumstances would you find it troublesome or not? f)Voters in the U.S. have historically voted (and largely continue to vote) along party lines, i.e. individual voters tend to have allegiance to a party and vote systematically for candidates of that party, across different offices and elections. Based on the analysis you completed above, under what circumstances might this be a good thing? g)Sometimes people choose not to vote, and instead delegate decision-making power to an individual. Based on the analysis you completed above, what are key attributes of the circumstances that determine whether or not this is a desirable course of action? What attributes would they want that individual decision-maker to have?
INFOSYS 110 Digital Systems (Exam) SEMESTER ONE, 2022 The Exam Case- Questions 1 to 4 and 6 to 8 in this exam are to be answered based on this Exam Case. Hitch - A Rideshare Company Every day 1.4 million Kiwis drive to work, and most of them drive alone. That’s 7 million seats, 5.5 million of which are empty. Public transport is not a suitable alternative for everyone, and that’s why Todd Foster and Claudia Grave started Hitch, a rideshare company that works with organisations to help their people carpool on their way to and from work. It’s carpooling with a difference, as people will only be matched with others from the same organisation. It means everyone will be going to the same office, and travelling with people they are more likely to know. For users it’s extremely simple. If your organisation uses Hitch, and you want to carpool tomorrow morning, you can submit a request by 7 pm the night before, and if you are matched with a person, you will be notified 30 minutes later. The next day, you meet at a specified point to begin your journey to work or uni. For the organisation, there is so much more than just helping their teams to carpool. One of the additional value for the organisation is a better understanding about its people’s preferences and their behaviour, and that all begins with the data collected by Hitch’s purpose built and customisable commuting tool, focusing on asking the right questions to get the right answers. Once Hitch has collected the right data, they can help organisations make sense of it. For example, understanding how an organisation’s people commute to work, and why they make such choices. Hitch’s detailed reporting dashboards set out all the information that the users need to know. Hitch’s systems are also able to calculate an accurate view of the organisation's total annual commute emissions. The calculations are completed in accordance with the Ministry of Environment guidelines. Hitch has started developing additional services for organisations as well. One of these is the ability for organisations to promote competitions between their people to encourage and reward sustainable commuting. Hitch is also working on bespoke dashboards that will allow everyone in the organisation to see a points leader board to see where they stack up. Organisations will be able to organise their own reward system for the people that carpool the most. 1 Question 1, Part i Hitch has the functionality of a Collaboration System. For each of the three forms of collaboration covered in class (Communication, Cooperation, and Coordination), suggest a corresponding specific example that can happen during a carpooling scenario with the use of Hitch (as outlined in the case) (3 marks). Provide a brief explanation why your suggestion is an example of each form of collaboration. (9 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: An Example of Communication: Brief Explanation: An Example of Cooperation: Brief Explanation: An Example of Coordination: Brief Explanation: 2 Question 1, Part ii In the interface of Hitch, passengers can give a rating (out of 5 stars) to their driver as a quality evaluation. All ratings for each driver will then be summarised by a “system” and made available for relevant users on Hitch. Which of the four types of Collaboration Systems does such a “system” correspond to? (2 marks) Provide a brief explanation for your answer. (4 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: The Corresponding Collaboration System: Brief Explanation: 3 Question 1, Part iii All data collected on Hitch are stored in a central Database. For one of Hitch’s client companies, the following table is maintained, recording each trip’s duration, name of the driver, and the average rating from the passengers in that trip: Identify two problems with Quality of Data in this table ( 1 mark). Justify your answer with a brief description ( 1 mark). Make one suggestion about the design of the database so that such problems with Quality of Data can be minimised or avoided. Provide a brief example. (4 marks). Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Problem 1: Brief Explanation: Problem 2: Brief Explanation: One Suggestion for Improvement: 4 Question 2, All Parts Even though Hitch is operating in a niche market, several competitors may adapt their operations to compete directly with Hitch. One such potential competitor is Uber. To be prepared for such competition, Hitch must strengthen its Competitive Advantage by possessing useful Business Intelligence. Using information in the case, suggest: ( 1) one example of Business Intelligence that will be useful to Hitch (3 marks), (2) two forms of data that can be collected from its operations to generate such Business Intelligence (2 marks), (3) specific data analysis methods and/or techniques to apply on each form of data (6 marks), and (4) one potential Competitive Advantage that can win business against Hitch’s competitors such as Uber, as a result of possessing such Business Intelligence. (3 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: One Example of Useful Business Intelligence for Hitch: Data 1: Method/Technique for Analysis: Data 2: Method/Technique for Analysis: One Potential Competitive Advantage As A Result: 5 Question 3, All Parts In Hitch’s system for assigning passengers to cars, the following JavaScript. code is utilised to make sure that cars are not overfilled: If this code is run on a JavaScript. compiler (like the one you have used on codeavengers.com), answer the following parts: i. What are the two variables in this code, and what do you think they are representing? (2 marks) ii. What is the expected output on the screen? (3 marks) iii. Explain in words the meaning of the code in line 5. ( 1 mark) iv. What are the final values of the two variables after this code is run? (2 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Variable 1 and what it represents: Variable 2 and what it represents: Output on the screen: Meaning of the code in line 5 in words: Final Value of Variable 1: Final Value of Variable 2: 6 Question 4, Part i Claudia wants to understand how often each Hitch user travels together with each user they might come across. What data mining technique could be used to provide this insight and how would this technique be able to assist in solving this problem? (5 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Relevant Data Mining Technique: How Such Technique May Assist: 7 Question 4, Part ii This question is based on the question and your answer in Question 4, Part i. If the analysis (your answer in Question 4, Part i) showed that there were users who worked for the same company, and lived in the same area but did not travel together, what could Hitch do to improve the value they provide to their organisation? Provide 3 examples and justify each of them. (9 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Example 1: Justification: Example 2: Justification: Example 3: Justification: 8 Question 5, All Parts This question is not directly based on the Exam Case. The following visualisations were not created by an INFOSYS 110 student, which is why they are all terrible. Critically analyse the following visualisations by relating each of them to one of the three principles of Data Visualisation we have studied in class, then provide one criticism and one improvement suggestion for each, according to the associated principle. Image a: Image b: Image c: Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Image a: A Relevant Principle: A Criticism: A Suggestion: Image b: A Relevant Principle: A Criticism: A Suggestion: Image c: A Relevant Principle: A Criticism: A Suggestion: 9 Question 6, All Parts As a business built around digital systems, Hitch knows how important it is to collect and store data. Hitch is about to use some of the following data points in order to build the inter-company ranking / rewards dashboards: · Location of users · Workplace location · User carpooling matching history · Travel times · Number of trips · Distance travelled Provide two security and one ethical consideration that Hitch will need to be aware of in relation to creating these dashboards and making them available to their clients. (6 marks) For each consideration, explain one action Hitch could take to minimise problems from such security and ethical considerations. (6 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Security Consideration 1: Hitch’s Action: Security Consideration 2: Hitch’s Action: Ethical Consideration: Hitch’s Action: 10 Question 7, All Parts Having worked through the security and ethical considerations, Todd and Claudia have kicked off a project to start building a bespoke dashboard for Victoria University. Victoria University would like these dashboards to be ready for use by 1 July, to coincide with the company’s financial year. Todd and Claudia have three people working on the project, and the dashboard will be required to rank all staff and students by four metrics: number of trips taken, distance travelled, number of times matched with the same person, and total emissions saved. One of the team members hasn't studied INFOSYS 110 and didn’t have the required business analytics knowledge. By the time they were replaced with another member of the team who did have the required skills, two weeks had flown by with no progress, and the team know they will not be able to complete the project by the deadline. i. This delay had had a direct impact on one variable of the project management triangle. Explain which variable this is, and what the impact is (2 marks) ii. Advise the project manager by explaining what impact this delay will have on the other two variables of the project management triangle. Provide one example of each of these impacts (6 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Part i: Variable that has been directly impacted: Explanation of the impact: Part ii: Variable 2: Example of the impact: Variable 3: Example of the impact: 11 Question 8, All Parts Claudia has found a potential security issue with the Hitch app. When downloaded on certain older devices, the app seems to be exposed to certain vulnerabilities. i. Advise Claudia what risk management responses she has available to her and provide an example for each response. (8 marks) ii. Choose the most appropriate response in this situation and justify your choice. (3 marks) Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Part i: Risk response 1: Example: Risk response 2: Example: Risk response 3: Example: Risk response 4: Example: Part ii: Recommendation: Justification:
Satisfiability Satisfiability Definition Let Γ be a set of formulas. We say that Γ is satisfiable if there is some truth assignment e such that e(γ) = T for all γ ∈ Γ. Example {(P ∧ Q), (¬P ∨ Q)} is satisfiable. If e(P) = T and e(Q) = T, then e((P ∧ Q)) = T and e((¬P ∨ Q)) = T. Example For any formula ϕ, {¬ϕ, (¬ϕ → ϕ)} is not satisfiable. Indeed, assume for a contradiction that e(¬ϕ) = T and e((¬ϕ → ϕ)) = T. Then, by definition of ¬ and →, e(ϕ) = F and e(ϕ) = T, a contradiction. Example {(P1 → P2), (P2 → P3), (P3 → P4), . . .} is satisfiable. Indeed, taking e(Pi) = T for all i satisfies the set (as does taking e(Pi) = F for all i). Note: The empty set of formulas is satisfiable. Satisfiability and Logical Consequence Proposition Let Γ be a set of formulas and let ϕ be a formula. (1) If Γ is satisfiable and Γ |= ϕ, then Γ ∪ {ϕ} is satisfiable. (2) Γ 2 ϕ if and only if Γ ∪ {¬ϕ} is satisfiable. Checking Satisfiability Checking Satisfiability Checking whether a finite set of formulas is satisfiable can be done using a truth table. If there are n distinct variables in the set of formulas, the truth table will have 2 n lines. Calculating what happens in each line involves reading each formula, breaking each formula down into its construction from the variables, and following the rules for how truth assignments work to compute the truth values of each formula under the given truth assignment. That is, to calculate what happens in each line of the truth table requires a number of steps that is polynomial in the length of the input. However, due to the size of the table, the total number of steps required is exponential in the length of the input. Complexity of Algorithms Computer scientists worry about the run times of algorithms. If there is a polynomial expression for the number of steps it will take to execute an algorithm as a function of the length of the input, then the algorithm is called a polynomial time algorithm. The collection of all problems that can be solved using a polynomial time algorithm is denoted P. Polynomial time algorithms are, for the most part, considered efficient. Algorithms where the run time is exponential as a function of the length of the input are considered inefficient. There are some problems where, roughly speaking, a “lucky guess” to a reason for a “yes” answer can be verified with a polynomial time algorithm, and a wrong guess to a reason for “yes” can be seen to be wrong by the same algorithm. The collection of such problems is denoted NP, which stands for “non-deterministic polynomial time.” Certainly, every problem that can be solved using a polynomial time algorithm belongs to NP (you don’t need to guess if you don’t want to). That is, P ⊆ NP. A big open question in theoretical computer science is whether P = NP. SAT Definition The problem SAT is, for any finite set of propositional formulas over the connectives ¬, ∧, and ∨, to decide whether the set is satisfiable. To check whether a particular set Γ is satisfiable is called an instance of SAT. The problem SAT belongs to NP. It is not known whether there is a polynomial time algorithm for solving SAT. However, it has been shown that SAT is NP-hard, in the sense that if SAT belongs to P, then P = NP. Though there is no known algorithm for SAT that is efficient on all inputs, there are algorithms that are efficient on most inputs, or there are algorithms that are efficient but only accept special kinds of input. Clauses Satisfiability — Simplifying the Formulas For any formulas ϕ and ψ, and for any truth assignment e, e((ϕ ∧ ψ)) = T if and only if e(ϕ) = e(ψ) = T. It follows that for any formulas ϕ and ψ, and for any set of formulas Γ, Γ ∪ {(ϕ ∧ ψ)} is satisfiable if and only if Γ ∪ {ϕ, ψ} is satisfiable. When checking whether a set of formulas Γ is satisfiable, we can first bring each formula in Γ into a conjunctive form, and then replace each formula with all its conjuncts. Example Consider Γ = {¬(P ∧ (P → R)), ((Q ∨ R) ∧ (¬P ∨ ¬Q)), (¬P ∧ ¬S)}. ¬(P ∧ (P → R)) |= =| ¬(P ∧ (¬P ∨ R)) |= =| (¬P ∨ ¬(¬P ∨ R)) |= =| (¬P ∨ (P ∧ ¬R)) |= =| ((¬P ∨ P) ∧ (¬P ∨ ¬R) |= =| (¬P ∨ ¬R) So Γ is satisfiable if and only if Γe is satisfiable where Γ =e {(¬P ∨ ¬R), (Q ∨ R), (¬P ∨ ¬Q), ¬P, ¬S} For this reason, many algorithms that check for satisfiability assume that all formulas in the set are disjuncts of literals. Clauses Definition A clause is a (possibly empty) finite set of literals. Example {P, Q, ¬R} is a clause. Definition A set Γ of clauses is satisfiable if and only if there is at least one truth assignment e such that for every clause C ∈ Γ, there is some literal L ∈ C with e(L) = T. Example If Γ = {{P, Q, ¬R}, {¬Q}}, then Γ is satisfiable. Indeed, let e be a truth assignment with e(P) = T and e(Q) = F. Then P ∈ {P, Q, ¬R} and e(P) = T and ¬Q ∈ {¬Q} with e(¬Q) = T, so e satisfies Γ. Note that if ∅ ∈ Γ, then Γ is unsatisfiable, since there are no literals in ∅. Clauses Definition If ϕ = (L1 ∨ . . . ∨ Ln) where L1, . . . , Ln are literals, then {L1, . . . , Ln} is the clause associated to ϕ. Note that for any truth assignment e, e((L1 ∨ . . . ∨ Ln)) = T if and only if there is some Li ∈ {L1, . . . , Ln} with e(Li) = T. So if Γ = {ϕ1, . . . , ϕk} where each ϕi is a CNF constituent and Γ =e {C1, . . . , Ck} where for 1 ≤ i ≤ k, Ci is the clause associated to ϕi, then Γ is satisfiable if and only if Γe is satisfiable. Example Γ = {(¬P ∨ ¬R), (Q ∨ R), (¬P ∨ ¬Q), ¬P, ¬S} is satisfiable if and only if Γ =e {{¬P, ¬R}, {Q, R}, {¬P, ¬Q}, {¬P}, {¬S}} is satisfiable. Definition The problem of CNF-SAT is, for any finite set of clauses, to decide whether the set is satisfiable.
Module Title Principles of Economics Assignment Mode Individual Assignment Word Count Limit Not applicable Citation Format APA Marks 30 marks Submission date 2359 hrs Lesson 8 (Full-time) 2359 hrs Lesson 6 (Part-time) Assignment Brief 1) Ensure proper numbering of answers according to the questions. 2) Font size 12 in Arial OR Times New Roman font. 3) You must double space the writing (with the exception of the Reference List). 4) As this is an academic assignment, you should gather information from a variety of sources e.g. books, journals, newspapers, online articles etc. 5) Please cite your sources in APA citation format. 6) Include in-text citations and a Reference List. You are to provide at least 3 references. 7) Submit though the Canvas LMS. 8) Assignment is subject to plagiarism check. 9) DO NOT insert any header or footer (including page number) in your assignment as this will affect your plagiarism report. 10) Date of submission: Lesson 8 2359 hrs (Full-time) & Lesson 6 2359 hrs (Part- time). Question 1 Based on what you have learned in Topics 1 and 2 of Principles of Economics, reflect on ONE (1) Economics concept which had interested you the most and discuss this concept with the help of an example within 200 words. (10 marks) Question 2 a) Describe a real-world event which can affect a product and lead to a change in ONE (1) demand factor. Draw a complete demand/supply model to illustrate how the event has resulted in change to the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of the product concerned. (10 marks) b) Describe a real-world event which can affect a product and lead to a change in ONE (1) supply factor. Draw a complete demand/supply model to illustrate how the event has resulted in change to the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of the product concerned. (10 marks)
STAB23 midterm instructions You can use any class resources, including asking us for help. Do NOT use chatgpt or other so-called “AI” tools. The deadline is June 22. Your goal is to try to make sure you understand the material necessary to complete the midterm – this is the main thing you will be asked to evaluate yourself on at the end. There are three parts to turn in: 1. a completed midterm questions file (as a pdf, txt, docx, or doc file) 2. a completed midterm analysis file (just the .R file) 3. the midterm report, after you’ve finished the first two parts All three parts will be posted under Modules > Midterm on June 10. In the midterm report, you will think about your learning in the first half of the course, and you will reflect on how the midterm went for you. You will be asked to evaluate your effort and engagement with the midterm. In particular, you will evaluate how much you tried to make sure you understand the material necessary to complete the midterm. If you’re getting errors in R and want help troubleshooting, please email our TA Mousa ([email protected]). If you feel stuck on the content and want help with that, please email me ([email protected]). We will also be holding drop-in sessions during reading week – there will be an announcement on Quercus with details. You will not lose marks for mistakes, so try to feel comfortable just testing out what you’ve learned. If possible, have fun!
COMP5318/COMP4318 Machine Learning and Data Mining Week 13 Revision and Preparation for the Exam s1 2025 Exercise 1. Markov models Given is the following Markov model for the weather in Sydney: If the weather yesterday was Rainy, and today is Foggy, what is the probability that tomorrow it will be Sunny? Exercise 2. Hidden Markov models Julia tested positive to COVID and had to quarantine at home for several days. Her friend Nicole came to bring her food every day. We don’t know what the weather was on the quarantine days but we know the type of clothing Nicole wore and it provides evidence about the weather. The following Hidden Markov Model models the situation. The initial state probabilities are: A0(Sunny)=0.5 and A0(Cloudy)=0.5. Suppose that on the first quarantine day Nicole wore a dress and on the second she wore a blazer. a) What is the probability of the observation sequence? b) What is the most likely sequence of hidden states? Briefly show your calculations. Exercise 3. Perceptron Given is the following training set: input output ex. 1: 1 0 0 1 ex. 2: 0 1 1 0 ex. 3: 1 1 0 1 ex. 4: 1 1 1 0 ex. 5: 0 0 1 0 a) Train a perceptron with a bias on this training set. Assume that all initial weights (including the bias of the neuron) are 0. Show the set of weights (including the bias) at the end of the first epoch. Apply the examples in the given order. Recall that the perceptron uses a step function defined as: step(n) = 1, if n >= 0 = 0, otherwise.
Assignment 29: Chord Inversions INSTRUCTIONS: (Part 1 – Triads & 7th chords in Major Keys) Notate the chord indicated in the proper inversion using the major key signature provided. Step 1: Using the key signature, identify the key Step 2: Determine the root pitch of the required chord Step 3: Using the clef provided, notate the chord in the specified inversion Note: The key signature is given, so use accidentals only where required (e.g., in minor where chords change when the 6th & 7th scale degrees are raised). To receive full points, you must follow all notational conventions learned. You may lose partial points if your notation is messy or hard to read. Part 1: Chords in Major Keys INSTRUCTIONS: (Part 2 – Triads & 7th chords in Minor Keys) Notate the chord indicated in the proper inversion using the major key signature provided. Step 1: Using the key signature, identify the key Step 2: Determine the root pitch of the required chord Step 3: Using the clef provided, the chord in the specified inversion Note: The key signature is given, so use accidentals only where required (e.g., in minor where chords change when the 6th & 7th scale degrees are raised). If you Ive forgotten about melodic/harmonic minor scales refer to unit 3: lesson 14. For a refresher on what these scales do to diatonic chords, see unit 5: lesson 23. To receive full points, you must follow all notational conventions learned. You may lose partial points if your notation is messy or hard to read. Part 2: Chords in Minor Keys
Investment Modeling Summer 2019, Practice Set # 5 1. What is x? oi = c (100 ,200 ,300 ,400 ,500) ppe = c (1000 ,2000 ,3000 ,4000 ,5000) ad = c ( -100 , -150 , -200 , -250 , -300) tca = c (200 ,300 ,400 ,500 ,600) tcl = c (100 ,120 ,140 ,160 ,180) dt = data . table ( oi , ppe , ad , tca , tcl ) x = dt [ tca >200 & tca 200 & tca 0 , tail ( ticker ,15) ,by= Date ] 5 6 for ( i in df4 $V1 ) 7 { 8 tryCatch ( 9 { 10 v = getQuote ( i )$ Last 11 df4 [ V1 == i , pricesell := v ] 12 } , 13 error = function ( e ) 14 { 15 }) 16 } 17 18 df3 [ df4 , sellprice := pricesell , n = c( ticker ="V1") ] 19 df3 [ , return :=( sellprice / Price - 1) ] 20 21 strat = df3 [is. finite ( return ) & is. finite ( ey ) & ey >0 , head (return ,1) ,by= Date ] 22 f_ amount =sum (11000 *(1+ strat $V1 ) ) 23 24 fcr = function ( x ) 25 { 26 v =11000 *(1+ x ) ^3+11000 *(1+ x ) ^2+11000 *(1+ x ) ^1 - f_ amount 27 return ( v ) 28 } 29 30 res = uniroot ( fcr , lower = -.8 , upper =.8) 31 res $ root 10. There are 5 number, with the arithmetic mean of 5 and a geometric mean of 3, what does this imply about the 5 numbers? 11. There are 5 number, with the arithmetic mean of 10 and a geometric mean of 10, what does this imply about the 5 numbers? 12. Given the numbers 1,2,3,4,5 what is the geometric mean? 13. Given the numbers .2,.4,.6,.8,.9 what is the geometric mean? 14. You have a table dt, that has 5 columns: ticker, price, date, ey, roc Create a bar graph of the count of each unique ticker. 15. You have a table dt, that has 5 columns: ticker, price, date, ey, roc Create a histogram of the roc numbers, only 10 bars. 16. What is a? x =1:10 dt = data . table ( x ) dt [ , y := cut (x , c (0 ,3 ,6 ,10) , labels = F ) ] a = dt [ , sum ( unique ( y ) ) ]
ABPL30053 FORMATIVE IDEAS IN ARCHITECTURE PART ONE Questions 1-5 *Choose three out of five questions to complete. *For each of the following images / quotes (1-5) provide at least two to three sentence answers for each sub-question in the space provided. Each question is worth a total of 25 marks (Remember that providing very long answers will not necessarily assist your marks. Aim to be clear and concise.) Question 1 Read the following quotes and answer the following questions about them: i)”To restore a building is not to preserve it, to repair, or rebuild it; it is to reinstate it in a condition of completeness which could never have existed at any given time.” ii)”It is impossible, as impossible as to raise the dead, to restore anything that has ever been great or beautiful in architecture. That which I have insisted upon as the life of the whole, that spirit which is given only by the hand and eye of the workman, can never be recalled.” 1 a) Identify the author of each quote above and the published context of the writing. (4 marks) * * 1 b) Compare and contrast the meaning and importance of what each quote is saying. (7 marks) * 1 c) Describe the influence it had in its own time on either design thinking and/or a particular built project. (7 marks) * 1 d) Name one example of an architect or building which continues to reflect each of these approaches today. Briefly explain your response. (7 marks) * * Question 2 Study the following images and answer the following three questions about them: 2 i) 2 ii) 2 a) Identify where each image is from and with which major figures in the history of architecture is it associated. (4 marks) * * 2 b) What does each figure illustrate? Make sure you articulate any relevant theoretical and stylistic context. (8 marks) * * 2 c) What are two important enduring and influential principles that each represents in the history of architecture? (8 marks) * * 2 d) For each image, describe one thinker, architect or building that has challenged or extended these principles and briefly explain how and why. (5 marks) * * Question 3 3i) “... Having thus from a variety of examples endeavoured to show, that roughness either real, or apparent, forms an essential difference between the beautiful, and the picturesque; it may be expected, that we should point out the reason of this difference. It is obvious enough, why the painter prefers rough objects to smooth: but it is not so obvious, why the quality of roughness should make an essential difference between objects of beauty, and objects suited to artificial representation. To this question, we might answer, that the picturesque eye abhors art; and delights solely in nature: and that as art abounds with regularity, which is only another name for smoothness; and the images of nature with irregularity, which is only another name for roughness, we have here a solution of our question.” 3ii) Consult the Genius of the Place in all, That tells the waters whether to rise or fall; Or helps th’ ambitious Hill the heavens to scale, Or scoops in circling theatres the Vale; Calls in the Country, catches open glades, Joins willing woods, and varies shades from shades; Now breaks, or now directs, th’ intending Lines; Paint as you plant, and, as you work, designs.’ Nature shall join you; Time shall make it all grow Without it, proud Versailles! Thy glory falls; … goes on an on to mock vast parterres, terraces, foundations and statues… 3 a) With the above quotes in mind, identify the name of one historical figure who was most clearly associated with each and why. (4 mark) * * 3 b) Name three qualities associated with the Picturesque movement in landscape and/or architecture (At least two sentences per quality) (6 marks) * * * 3 c) Name one example of an historic estate or garden in Britain that can be associated with the Picturesque. State three main elements that reflect a Picturesque approach to design in this example and comment on their use. (8 marks) * * * 3 d) Name one example of a contemporary place that might reflect the lasting influence of the Picturesque. State two main elements that reflect a new, contemporary understanding of the Picturesque approach. (7 marks) * * Question 4 4 i) 4 ii) 4a) Name each of these buildings and where they are located. (4 marks) * * 4 b) Name two principal designers associated with each of them (4 marks) * * 4 c) Note three stylistic qualities that each building displays and describe reasons why these can be discerned. (9 marks) * * * 4 d) Explain ways in which each building has approached the task of conserving and protecting yet also modernising and maintaining its usefulness in contemporary times. (In at least three sentences on building i) and two sentences on building ii)) (8 marks) * * * Question 5 5i) 5ii) “The interchange between the academic and the more or less imaginative meanings of Orientalism is a constant one, and since the late eighteenth century there has been a considerable, quite disciplined- perhaps even regulated- traffic between the two. Here I come to the third meaning of Orientalism, which is something more historically and materially defined than either of the other two. Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient-dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, Orientalism as a Western style. for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient.” 5 a) Identify the building in figure 5i). Describe its architectural style. Briefly explain it’s function and how it symbolised the power of the British Empire. (6 marks) * * 5 b) Briefly discuss the key ideas that this passage outlines. Name one painting that we have studied in the subject that could be discussed in light of passage 5ii). Explain why this painting reflects Orientalist stereotypes. Refer to two features in your response. (6 marks) * * 5 c) Name one building (including designer, style. and location) that we have studied in the subject that could also be discussed in light of passage 5ii). Briefly explain why you have selected this example. (8 marks) * * 5 d) Choose one former colonial country and describe, using one example, how architecture became ‘hybridised’; blending western historical styles and eastern or vernacular architectural approaches. (5 marks) * PART TWO * Answer ONE (1) only of the following essay questions by addressing all the points listed under the main question. * Your essay is worth 25 marks. * A minimum of 500 and maximum of 1000 words is expected. * Address each of the points under each broad topic option, but write in complete sentences and paragraphs not dot points. * You can include images if this supports your arguments. If you refer to bibliographical sources, you only need the source, author, date, title. *You may refer to lectures as a resource. * You can refer to your own essay content, but not copy this (it will come up in Turnitin as self-plagarism). * Note that all exam scripts will also be scrutinised by Turnitin for evidence of AI use (this is not visible to students when uploading assignments.) Option 1: PLACES Choose ONE city or major centre we have covered in this subject. Discuss how its spatial and urban organisation and its architecture express the processes of development, power and modernisation through the following points: i) evolving social and economic conditions; ii) city planning initiatives and the design of public space and civic institutional types; iii) transportation and services (gas lighting, water supply, sewerage and health); iv) the evocation of political and nationalistic expression through art, planning and architecture. Option 2: TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS Select ONE material used in 18th–19th-century buildings / structures and discuss how its use was subject to debates between tradition and innovation. You must refer to at least TWO examples of building types or structures in which it was used and address the following points: i) debates about design aesthetics vs engineering; ii) any constructional / structural advances and/or disadvantages associated with its use, safety or longevity; iii) how it changed future architectural language or building systems; iv) Particular conservation issues today in maintaining if relevant to examples. Option 3: STYLES & IDEAS Revivalism is a general term used to describe a wide range of 18th and 19th-century architecture that revived and reinvented the architectural language of a past time or style. Some architects drew from the past as a source of style. and ornament for symbolic or representational purposes, while others borrowed from it to inform. their own particular design approach and as a springboard for innovation. *** In light of the above statement, choose ONE particular style, and compare and contrast the approaches of any TWO architects or writers/theorists who contributed to this style. by addressing the following aspects: (i) the origins, or historical sources, of the language of revivalism that their work reflected; (ii) the characteristics of the particular language of revivalism their work contributed to (e.g. planning, composition, use and expression of materials); (iii) examples of building types typically associated with the revivalist style. or approach; (iv) key social, political or nationalistic attitudes associated with the revivalist style. or approach. Option 4: IMPORTANT PEOPLE Select one important figure from the lectures, readings or tutorials covered in the subject and discuss the following. ***Include at least TWO specific works (built, written or drawn) that illustrate these points. i) their most influential ideas; ii) how these ideas were communicated (e.g. through texts, imaginary schemes, or built works); iii) how they influenced design / historical practices of their time; iv) the legacy / relevance of their ideas into the present.
INFOSYS 110 DIGITAL SYSTEMS Semester Two 2022 It is a common saying that “only surfers know the feeling” of riding a wave. This has seen the sport grow in popularity over the years , and with it, fast developments in the surfboard manufacturing industry too. It is a race to keep up with the demand, and Australian based company, KinaRoad (KR), is leading the charge. To cement their position in the market, KR spotted and acted on a large gap in the surfboard manufacturing industry. Currently, many surfboards are made through the manual labour of hand-shapers , and the majority are produced with shaping machines . Though, both methods carry risks . With shaping machines (and especially for hand-shaped boards ), the process can never guarantee a fully identical surfboard each time. For many, this has compromised the quality of boards and the reliability of customers ’ purchases . Moreover, it is common for boards to get damaged during transit when being exported from factories in Asia – where most boards are mass-produced. That is when KR stepped in, boasting advanced technological capabilities that allow them to produce an identical surfboard every single time. They are able to do so through the use of their 3D printing machines . This has seen the company grow significantly and establish a large customer base with the world’s largest surfboard brands and those local hand-shapers – who both want KR’s services to produce a higher quality product. Another benefit of KR’s operations is that they manufacture through their two offices in Australia, providing for lower risks of transit damage and a heightened ability to promote their business in Australia and New Zealand. Overall, KR prides themselves on their “better surfboards , delivered faster” . Undoubtedly, they are only able to do this through their utilisation of technology and business intelligence. To produce boards , their clients simply send through their surfboard designs , alongside requests for certain materials to be used, delivery dates and locations , and some other basic ordering information. 1 The typical ordering process at KR is as follows: 1. A commercial client logs in to KR’s ordering website with its Client ID. 2. Order details , including surfboard design, material, preferred delivery dates , and location, are entered by the client. 3. The Enterprise System at KR checks the order information. Once all the required information is received, an invoice is sent to the client for a 50% deposit payment. 4. Once the deposit payment is received, the system automatically notifies different departments in the organisation to start filling the order. 5. If the order is fulfilled by the specified delivery date, shipment of the surfboards will be sent and the client will be notified. Otherwise, the client will be notified about the delay. (a) The ordering process at KR is a form of collaboration between KR and its client. Fully describe such collaboration by choosing the best option out of the three forms covered in class (Communication, Coordination, or Cooperation) and briefly justify your choice based on the Exam Case. (7 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. Form. of Collaboration: Justification: (b) Provide one example from the Exam Case for each of the following functionality of KR’s Enterprise System: i. KR’s Enterprise System facilitating Communication between KR and its client. ii. KR’s Enterprise System facilitating Workflow Management between KR and its client. For each example, specify the actual digital technology that has/may have been used, and how the use of such technology can be helpful to the business . (7 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. Example of Communication: Digital technology used/may have been used: Helpfulness of such technology: Example of Workflow Management: Digital technology used/may have been used: Helpfulness of such technology: 2 Clients of KR use a digital system (an ordering website) to place their orders , as described in the ordering process . a. Is such website a TPS, Database, or a DSS in KR’s System? Briefly explain your answer. (4 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. TPS, Database, or DSS: Explanation: a. Suggest and describe an alternative non-digital way for KR’s clients to place their orders . (4 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. An alternative non-digital way: a. By specifically referring to the pros and cons of digitisation covered in class , describe ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of the non-digital ordering method suggested in part b, over the digital way described in the Exam Case. (6 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. One advantage: One disadvantage: 3 The following image shows KR’s records about its top 5 clients in an Excel spreadsheet (Cells A2:C7). Using this spreadsheet, the user can query and generate a general statement about each client’s sales representative and default discount rate (Cells A9:E10). In this example, the user entered “Sharp Eye” into Cell C9. The corresponding name of sales rep and the default discount rate should appear in Cells E9 and D10 respectively and automatically. In the image below, 5% has appeared in Cell D10 as a result. a. Define a formula for Cell E9, using one of the Excel functions covered in this course, so that the correct sales rep’s name will appear when different clients ’ names are entered in Cell C9. (8 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. Excel Formula: b. This is an example of using cell references . If the user has to manually look up from the table and type in the corresponding values into Cells E9 and D10 instead, suggest two potential Principles of Quality of Data violation. Justify your suggestions . (4 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the template into the answer area and fill in your answer accordingly. Potential Principle 1: Justification: Potential Principle 2: Justification: 4 (a) When existing customers sign into their KinaRoad account, the site recommends potential surfboard bundle deals based on the customers ’ previous orders and delivery preferences . Using the above information, what type of analytics is being performed? Justify your answer. (4 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Type of analytics: Justification: (b) By looking through sales information, KinaRoad’s Chief Operating Officer (COO), Amy, notes how their primary customers are either wealthy global surfboard brands who order in large quantities , or less wealthy small local companies with low quantity orders . What data mining technique has been used in this situation? Explain how this technique is useful by providing 2 specific recommendations for the company – one for each group of customer. (10 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Relevant Data Mining Technique: Recommendation for how KR should deal with their Global Surfboard Brand customers and how this highlights the technique as useful: Recommendation for how KR should deal with their Small Local Company customers and how this highlights the technique as useful: (c ) By analysing the data in KinaRoad's data warehouse it is clear that surfboard sales generally increase during December, January and February for countries in the southern hemisphere. The remaining months tend to be more quiet. Given the above sales trends , what specific recommendation would you make to KinaRoad to improve their overall yearly sales? Provide 1 recommendation and justify your answer. (5 marks) NOTE: strong answers will aim to use a different recommendation to what has already been answered in Question 4(b). Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Recommendation: Justification: 5 Consider the visualisation below: (a) Using each of Tufte’s design principles studied in class , critique the visualisation and identify any potential improvements to make the visualisation better. (9 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: State your first chosen principle: Critique based on principle: Potential improvement: State your second chosen principle: Critique based on principle: Potential improvement: State your third chosen principle: Critique based on principle: Potential improvement: (b) What Business Intelligence could a mobile payment vendor derive from this visualisation? After explaining this , what actions could they take to improve their sales? (5 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Potential Business Intelligence and Explanation: Potential actions: 6 (a) Surfboard company, Medewi Surf & Co, is considering the release of a new prototype surfboard that is made almost entirely from recycled plastics and surfboards . They have engaged KinaRoad to produce these and provided them with the designs and recycled materials to do so. The surfboards will be among the most sustainable ones on the market, as they are a first of its kind. Medewi Surf & Co plans to sell a limited supply of 100 boards only. The current date is the 5th of August 2022 and as it stands , KR is scheduled to make their last shipment of boards on the 6th of October 2022. Their first shipment will be sent to Indonesia, and following this , it will be distributed to various surfing hot spots on Indonesia’s many different islands . KR has contracted a delivery service provider for these shipments , though it is a known fact that due to their more affordable price, the provider has slower delivery times . KR normally deals with this provider to cut costs . Similarly, the provider has limited capacity and can only take 50 boards at a time. NOTE: when answering the following questions, you must only use information in the case – do not make outside assumptions. i. Using the above information, explain whether the production of these boards would qualify as a project for KR. (3 marks) ii. What is the time constraint? (2 marks) iii. The production team is running behind schedule and it becomes clear that KR will not be able to complete and deliver the boards by the given time constraint. By referring to the Project Management Triangle and the information above, suggest 2 specific ways that the company can proceed to complete the project on time without impacting the "quality” of the overall work. (8 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: i. Explanation of whether it qualifies as a project: ii. Time constraint: iii. Suggestion 1: Suggestion 2: (b) Surfboard designs must be sent to KR for processing before the manufacturing process can begin. With this , KR’s Chief Marketing Officer (CMO), Esther, has thought of a great way to attract new business . Esther proposes that KR publicise various surfboard designs of existing customers , to inspire others to also sign up for KR’s services . She believes it shows prospective customers that ( 1) they have a large customer base, many of whom are large industry leaders who trust KR’s services and (2) they are capable of producing both revolutionary and ethical surfboard designs . Esther proposes that, with Medewi Surf & Co’s consent, the best design to publicise first, would be one of their sustainable surfboards . i. They are wondering if this is ethical. If they used the “common good approach” ethical framework , how would you advise them? Justify your answer. (4 marks) ii. Provide a security consideration that KR will need to be aware of in relation to Esther’s plan. Explain one action KR could take to minimise/mitigate any such potential security problems . (4 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: i. Advice to KR: Justification: ii. Security consideration: Action to minimise/mitigate the potential security problem: (c ) EvilBoards & Co is a very new company that has recently proposed similarly sustainable surfboard designs . Though, evidentially, EvilBoards re-used one of Medewi Surf & Co’s blueprints for their designs , as KR’s system shows this in its access history. Luckily, Medewi Surf has other sustainable designs which were not accessed by EvilBoards , but they are curious as to what can be done at this point in time. Which of the four risk management responses is the most appropriate one to use to resolve this risk? Justify your answer and outline how your response could be actioned. (6 marks) Use the following answer template to present your answer. Copy and paste the following answer template into the answer area, and type in your answers accordingly: Risk management response: Justification for risk management response: How the response can be actioned:
Horn Clauses and Horn Formulas Horn Clauses and Horn Formulas We now define a class of clauses (formulas) for which there is an efficient algorithm for deciding satisfiability for sets of clauses (formulas) from the class. Definition A Horn clause is a clause in which at most one of the literals is a non-negated propositional variable. Example {P, ¬Q, ¬R}, {¬P, ¬Q, ¬R}, and {S} are Horn clauses. {P, Q, ¬S} is not a Horn clause. Definition A Horn formula is a formula of the form. P, ¬(P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pn) for n ≥ 1, or ((P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pm) → Q) for m ≥ 1. Question Which of the following are Horn clauses? {¬S} {¬P, ¬Q, R, ¬S} {Q, R, S} {R} {P, ¬Q, R, ¬S} {¬P, ¬Q, ¬R} Horn Clauses and Horn Formulas Notice that ¬(P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pn) ⊨ (¬P1 ∨ . . . ∨ ¬Pn) and that ((P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pm) → Q) ⊨ (¬(P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pm) ∨ Q) ⊨ (¬P1 ∨ . . . ∨ ¬Pm ∨ Q) So we associate a Horn clause of the form. {P} with the Horn formula P, associate a Horn clause of the form. {¬P1, . . . , ¬Pn} with the Horn formula ¬(P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pn), and associate a Horn clause of the form. {¬P1, . . . , ¬Pm, Q} with the Horn formula ((P1 ∧ . . . ∧ Pm) → Q). Since we can associate Horn clauses with Horn formulas, we will describe our satisfiability algorithm only for sets of Horn formulas. Question Write down the associated Horn formula for each of the following Horn clauses. {¬S} {¬P, ¬Q, R, ¬S} {R} {¬P, ¬Q, ¬R} Satisfiability for Sets of Horn Formulas Given a set Γ of Horn formulas, the following algorithm either defines a truth assignment e that satisfies Γ or concludes that Γ is unsatisfiable. Each step of the algorithm reads each formula at most once, and it either defines e on one more variable or halts. Thus, the algorithm is efficient. Satisfiability for Sets of Horn Formulas
Efficient Portfolios with Twelve Stocks Today is April 30, 2012, and you have just started your new job with a financial planning firm. In addition to studying for all your license-exams, you have been asked to review a portion of a client’s stock portfolio to determine the risk/return profiles of 12 stocks in the portfolio. The stocks (with their symbols in parentheses) are: 1. Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) 2. Boeing (BA) 3. Caterpillar (CAT) 4. Deere & Co. (DE) 5. General Mills, Inc. (GIS) 6. Google Inc. (GOOG) 7. Hershey (HSY) 8. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) 9. JP Morgan Chase & Co. (JPM) 10. Microsoft (MSFT) 11. Procter and Gamble (PG) 12. Wal-Mart (WMT) The price information for each stock is collected from Yahoo! Finance, which is given in the attached Excel file. Your manager wants you to update the stock portfolio by rebalancing the portfolio with the optimum weights that will provide the best risk and return combinations for the 12-stock portfolio. 1. Begin with the equally weighted portfolio. Establish the portfolio returns for the stocks in the portfolio using a formula that depends on the portfolio weights. Initially, these weights will all equal to 1/12. You would like to allow the portfolio weights to vary, so you will need to list the weights for each stock in separate cells and establish another cell that sums the weights of the stocks. The portfolio returns for each month must reference these weights for Excel Solver to be useful. 2. Compute the values for the monthly mean return and standard deviation of the port-folio. Convert these values to annual numbers for easier interpretation (multiply the mean monthly return by 12, and multiply the monthly standard deviaiton by √12). 3. Compute the efficient frontier when short sales are not allowed. Use the Solver tool in Excel (on the Data tab in the analysis section). To set the Solver parameters: (a) Set the target cell as the cell of interest, making it the cell that computes the (annual) portfolio standard deviation. Minimize this value. (b) Establish the “By Changing Cells” by holding the Control key and clicking in each of the 12 cells containing the weights of each stock. (c) Add constraints by clicking the Add button next to the “Subject to the Con-straints” box. One set of constraints will be the weight of each stock that is greater than or equal to zero. Calculate the constraints individually. A second constraint is that the weights will sum to one. (d) Compute the portfolio with the lowest standard deviation. If the parameters are set correctly, you should get a solution when you click “Solve.” If there is an error, you will need to double-check the parameters, especially the constraints. 4. Next, compute portfolios that have the lowest standard deviation for a target level of the expected return. (a) Start by finding the portfolio with an expected return 2% higher than that of the minimum variance portfolio. To do this, add a constraint that the (annual) portfolio return equals this target level. Click “Solve” and record the standard deviation and mean return of the solution (and be sure the mean return equals target—if not, check your constraint). (b) Repeat step (a) raising the target return in 2% increments, recording the result for each step. Continue to increase the target return and record the result until Solver can no longer find a solution. (c) At what level does Solver fail to find a solution? Why? 5. Plot the efficient frontier with the constraint of no short sales. To do this, create an XY Scatter Plot, with portfolio standard deviation on the x-axis and the return on the y-axis, using the data for the minimum variance portfolio and the portfolios you computed in step 4. How do these portfolios compare to the mean and standard deviation for the equally weighted portfolio? 6. Redo your analysis to allow for short sales by removing the constraint that each portfolio weight is greater than or equal to zero. Use Solver to calculate the (annual) portfolio standard deviation for the minimum variance portfolio, and when the annula portfolio return are set to 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Plot the unconstrained efficient frontier on an XY Scatter Plot. How does allowing short sales affect the frontier? 7. Redo your analysis adding a new risk-free security that has a return of 0.5% each month. Include a weight for this security when calculating the monthly portfolio returns. That is, there will now be 13 weights, one for each of the 12 stocks and one for the risk-free security. Again, these weights must sum to one. Allow for short sales, and use Solver to calculate the (annual) portfolio standard deviation when the annual portfolio returns are set to 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Plot the results on the same XY Scatter Plot, and in addition keep track of the portfolio weights of the optimal portfolio. What do you notice about the relative weights of the different stocks in the portfolio as you change the target return? Can you identify the tangent portfolio?
Investment Modeling Spring 2019, Practice Set # 4 Use the code below to answer questions # 1-5. library .table .frame (2,10,2),z=7:3)setDT(M3)giants=c (3,4)eagles=c 6. What is x? sum sum eagles)x=(giants+(eagles,cowboys[giants[1]]))a=6:1a[c c 9. What is a? (2,3)mm=(1:9)mm c 11. What is mm? c [c c 12. Given the code below, what is a? z = 3:1 a=0 for (i in z) { a=a-i } 13. Given the code below, what is b? (2,4,6,8)(iinx){((i/ (b)]=i/ else{b[(i/i]=i/ Use the table mdf below to answer questions from #14-19. 14. Given the code below, what is tt? Price,5)r=seq for for (1,3,5)]){tt[NROW 15. Given the code below, what is b? Price,9)z=tail(v,5)b=c for if && (b)+1]=i} (b,i)}}v=(2,4,10,5,2,8,12)z=seq ’AAPL ’ & (2:3,6)]=z[c 17. Given the code below, what is v? ()(iin1:(NROW
ACF5130 Financial statement analysis and business valuation Week 8: Forecasting Tutorial Discussion Questions Discussion Question 1: Projecting a growth rate Samantha, a financial analyst, is evaluating the future performance of TechnoInnovate, a company that produces innovative electronic devices. As part of her analysis, Samantha is forecasting the company's revenue for the next financial year. TechnoInnovate has recently launched a new product line, which is expected to complement its existing offerings. Given the data below, how should Samantha forecast TechnoInnovate's revenue for the next financial year? • TechnoInnovate's revenue for the current financial year is $150 million. • The company has historically seen a year-over-year revenue growth rate of 10%. • Market research suggests the new product line could increase the company's overall revenue growth rate by an additional 5%. • An upcoming change in regulation for electronic devices is expected to reduce the growth rate by 2%. Options: A) Forecast next year's revenue by applying the historical growth rate of 10% to the current revenue, without accounting for the new product line or regulatory changes. B) Calculate next year's revenue by adding the impact of the new product line to the historical growth rate (10% + 5%), then applying this adjusted growth rate to the current revenue. C) Forecast revenue based on the expected increase in the customer base from the new product line, adjusting for market contraction due to regulatory changes. This method focuses on changes in the volume of sales rather than applying percentage-based growth rates to the previous year's revenue. D) Calculate next year's revenue by applying a combined growth rate that incorporates the historical growth, the additional growth from the new product line, and the negative impact of regulatory changes to the current revenue. Discussion Question 2: Forecasting Leases Star Grocers Ltd has recently adopted the new lease standard (AASB 16/IFRS 16), which has impacted its financial reporting from 2020 onwards. The company’s financial statements from 30 June 2019 to 30 June 2024 are provided below. Required: 1. How did the adoption of the new lease standard affect Star Grocers Ltd's financial statements? 2. If you wanted to compare the 2019 figures with the 2020 figures, how would you adjust the figures to ensure a like-for-like comparison? 3. Assume Star Grocers Ltd’s annual sales will grow by 5% for the next three years. Based on this growth assumption, forecast the lease assets, lease liabilities, lease depreciation and lease interest expense for the next three years (2025–2027): Discussion Question 3: Forecasting Financial Statements The following exhibit (all figures in $ million) shows the Balance Sheets of XYZ Inc for the years ended 31 December 2021 and 31 December 2022 respectively. The firm’s income tax rate is 35%. The firm reported $15 million in interest income and $98 million in interest expense for 2022. Sales revenue was $3,726 million. Sales revenue is forecasted to grow at a 6% rate per year in the future, on a constant asset turnover of 0.65. Operating profit margins of 14% are expected to be earned each year. Further, financial assets and financial liabilities will grow at 10% annually, and accounts payable will grow at 6%. Required: Forecast the return on net operating assets (RNOA) for 2023. Define RNOA as net operating income divided by the closing value of net operating assets for that year.
Scenario 1 for Assignment 1, Commercial Part: Analysing Warehouse Sales for an Australian Fashion Brand Welcome, students, to your role as management professionals at a renowned Australian fashion brand. In this assignment, you will immerse yourselves in a real-world scenario as you take charge of analysing the sales data from the recent warehouse sales event, which featured products that did not sell during the previous season. Your task is to demonstrate your analytical skills using Microsoft Excel, as well as your understanding of essential concepts such as revenue, margin, and margin percentage. You will also create data visualisations, including Excel charts, to showcase the sales patterns over a four-week period. These visualisations will serve as a foundation for your upcoming presentation to your reporting manager. Scenario Details: Your Role: You have been appointed as a member of the management team responsible for analysing the sales data from the recent warehouse sales event. Your goal is to gain insights into the performance of the products during the four-week sales period. Ultimately, your hard work and analysis will culminate in a presentation to your reporting manager. You will have the opportunity to showcase your analytical skills and demonstrate a deep understanding of the sales data. Assignment Tasks: Data Analysis in Excel: 1. Begin by downloading the sales data sheet and opening the document in Excel software. The dataset includes information on products, their selling prices, quantities sold, and other relevant details. 2. Calculate the total quantities sold and revenue generated during the four weeks of the warehouse sales. 3. Compute the margin for each product. Margin is the difference between the selling price and the cost price. 4. Determine the margin percentage for each product using the formula: (Margin / Selling Price) and changing the format of your cell to reflect percentages. 5. Aggregate and summarise the data to identify the top styles and highest margins using conditional formatting. You can highlight top 3 and least 3 in both revenue and margin categories. Excel Charts: Create multiple Excel charts to visualise the data effectively as instructed in the excel data sheet. Consider using different chart types such as bar charts, line charts, and pie charts to represent various aspects of the data. Overall presentation of the Analysis: Organise your findings and charts in a clear and concise manner within the excel sheets of the file. You can introduce new sheets or use the suggested sheets (already incorporated in the data file) to organise the data while clearly labelling the sheets by using renaming skill. Prepare notes or annotations to explain your observations and insights from the data. Ensure that your data visualisations are well-labelled and easy to understand. Key Takeaways: This assignment is designed to give you hands-on experience in analysing real-world sales data, utilising Excel for data manipulation and visualisation, and preparing for a professional presentation. It is an excellent opportunity to develop your analytical and communication skills, which are vital for success in a management role. Best of luck with your assignment, and make sure to bring your A-game to the reporting manager's meeting! Scenario 2 for Assignment 1, Commercial Part: Improving Data Analysis in a Garment Manufacturing House Welcome to your new role as junior planners at a garment manufacturing house, where you are entrusted with an exciting and challenging task. In this scenario, you have just joined the team and discovered that the data file provided to you is not dynamic, making it time-consuming to extract essential information. Your goal is to use Excel as a powerful tool to analyse the data and present your findings dynamically, ultimately streamlining the data analysis process for your team. Scenario Details: Your Role: You have recently been hired in a junior planning role at the garment manufacturing house. You are responsible for managing and analysing data related to the garments the company produces for various designers. Your mission is to transform. the way the team accesses and interacts with data, making it more efficient and dynamic. At the end of the month, you will participate in a team meeting that will focus on the annual performance and future projections for the range. Your prepared dynamic Excel report will be crucial in presenting the company's achievements, as well as the strategies for reaching growth targets in 2025 and 2026. Your dynamic data analysis and visualisations will play a pivotal role in guiding the discussion. Assignment Tasks: Data Transformation in Excel: 1. Import the provided data file into Excel. 2. Identify areas where the data analysis process can be improved. Focus on turning static data into a dynamic and interactive format. 3. Use basic Excel formulas to extract relevant information and create dynamic reporting system (use the format provided in the excel file). 4. Implement lookup formulas to quickly retrieve specific information from the data sheets. Annual Performance Report: Prepare a dynamic Excel report that contains the information required for 2025, 2026 and 2027 in the provided Excel File. 1. Extract and analyse growth targets mentioned in the Excel data sheet for 2026 and 2027. 2. Calculate and report dynamic projections for the upcoming years based on the provided growth targets and historical data. 3. Utilise Excel charts to visually represent the annual performance, showing trends and patterns. Key Takeaways: This assignment is an opportunity to enhance your data analysis skills using Excel and to demonstrate your ability to turn static data into a dynamic, interactive tool for the team. By creating a dynamic Excel report, you will significantly reduce the time required to extract essential information from data sheets and provide valuable insights for the company's future. Your work will contribute to informed decision-making and strategy development within the garment manufacturing house. Best of luck with your assignment! Your dynamic data analysis will undoubtedly make a positive impact on the organisation's planning and decision-making processes!! Important- Which files are you submitting for Assignmnet 1_Commercial Part? Excel file for Scenario 1 and 2 (excel format only)
Task 5 - You Are the Auto Marker (Literally) Background After proving yourself by fixing logic bugs in the banking tool, David has now assigned you to help write automated tests for the same codebase. In large organisations like Goldman Stanley, it's essential to catch bugs early through unit testing writing repeatable test functions that automatically verify that code behaves as expected. David has even given you full permissions on the Bloomberg testing terminal! Now your tests in test_task4.py will now show up in the auto marker section. The development team has supplied you with a finished version of the BankAccount class. Your job is to write unit tests that verify all features work correctly and fail gracefully when given invalid input. After putting your code from task 4 in. You should be able click the run tests and see the following: The test case name is taken from the first line in the docstring. Please note that there are no automated marks associated with this task you are marked on the quality and coverage of your tests. Description You are again working on the BankAccount class. Your goal is to write a suite of unit tests that cover a wide range of normal and edge-case behaviours which will check your work from the previous task. The file is not provided as it's the answer to the previous task but you're welcome to include your own code in the blank task4.py. You must: · Write test cases for each public method: deposit, withdraw, and transfer_to. · Test for both correct and incorrect inputs. · Use assertEqual, assertRaises, and (optionally) other assertions like assertIsInstance, assertGreaterEqual, etc. · Organise your tests using a testing framework such as unittest. Requirements · ✅Positive Cases: o Check depositing and withdrawing valid amounts updates the balance correctly. o Check transferring between two valid accounts works as expected. o Check flagging / banning accounts prevents deposit/withdraw/transfer involving these accounts. · ❌ Negative Cases: o Check Deposit/withdraw/transfer with invalid types & values. · �� Test Structure: o Group related tests into test methods. Remember, same as last task you should be using the errors from custom_errors.py In order to be eligible to get full marks for this task you must make meaningful usage of the setup and teardown functionality provided in the unit test framework. More details here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass Examples A sample unit test has been provided within the scaffold.
