TELE 9753 Advanced Wireless Communications Tutorial 5 – Transmit Diversity Question 1 Assuming average SNR of 10 dB on each link and threshold SNR of −5 dB, compare the outage probabilities of the following systems over Rayleigh fading channels: 1) a single-input/single-output system, 2) Alamouti scheme with two transmit antennas and a single receive antenna, 3) a single-input/multi-output system with MRC at two receive antennas, and 4) a multi-input/single-output system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) among 2 transmit antennas. Question 2 Consider a multiple-input signle-output (MISO) system with two transmit antennas. The transmitters use Alamouti coding together with QPSK signaling, where the QPSK constellation is {1+j, −1+j, −1−j, 1−j}. If we received two signals as 1.3 + j1.2 and −0.1−j2.6, and the channels are given as h1 = 0.1 + j2 and h2 = −1.2 + j1.8, detect the transmitted message. Homework 5 Requirements 1. Write down your full name, student number, and signature. 2. Detail the steps of your analysis/calculations/solutions. A single answer without derivations or expla nations is not acceptable. 3. Hand in a hard copy in the following class or a soft copy via Teams. Question Suppose that the Alamouti scheme is employed in the system with two transmit antennas and two receive antennas. (a) Show that the scheme effectively provides two independent scalar channels. (b) What is the gain of each channel ? (c) Derive the expression for the instantaneous received SNR of such a system.
Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering Experiment EC1 The Common-Emitter Amplifier Location: Part I Laboratory CYC – 102 Objective: To study the basic operation and analyze the characteristics of the common-emitter amplifier. Apparatus: 3611DC PowerSupply× 1HP34401A Multimeter× 1
EIE4435 Image and Audio Processing Semester 1, 2022/23 Q1. (a) A color image has a frame. resolution of 640×480 with a 4:2:0 color sub-sampling format and 8 bits for each component. (i) Draw a diagram to illustrate the 4:2:0 color sub-sampling format. (2 marks) (ii) Explain why the color components can be sub-sampled. (2 marks) (iii) Calculate the size for this image in bytes. (2 marks) (b) What is the significance of K in the CMYK color model? (2 marks) (c) What color would a magneta paper appear when exposed to yellow light? Why? (2 marks) Q2. (a) Derive the histogram of the image shown in Figure Q2(a). The bit-depth of the image is 4. Judge if the contrast of the image is poor. Give your reason based on the histogram. (4 marks) (b) Fig. Q2(b) shows an image corrupted with salt and pepper noise. You are requested to design the filtering technique to locate the pixels that are corrupted with pepper noise. Suggest a method to achieve it. You should provide the filter you used and the step details. (6 marks) Q3. (a) The 4 8×8 images shown in Fig. O3(a) are encoded with JPEG coding. Based on their expected DCT coefficients, answer the following questions: (i) Which image has the smallest DC coefficient? (1 mark) (ii) Which image has large high frequency AC coefficients? (1 mark) (iii) Which image(s) has/have no non-zero AC coefficient? (1 mark) (b) Suppose a 256 gray-level image is divided into 8x8 blocks and encoded using a JPEG encoder. The 64 quantized Discrete Cosine Transform. (DCT) coefficients of the three 8×8 blocks in the image are given in Fig. Q3(b). Each block consists of a DC coefficient (the top-left corner) and 63 AC coefficients. (i) Draw a block diagram to show the major steps in DCT-based coding. (4 marks) (ii) Describe the pattern of pixel intensities in Block 3. (1 mark) (iii) Using the DC Coding Table and the AC Coding Table in Table Q3(c) and Table Q3(d) respectively, find the output bitstreams for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3. (11 marks) (iv) Determine the compression ratio for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3. Comment on your results. (3 marks) Q4. Fig. Q4 shows the intensity map of an image. (a) Segment the image with region growing by pixel aggregation. The two marked pixels are seeds. A region grows by including its eight-connected neighbors (i, j) in the region when the following criterion is satisfied. (i) g(i, j) ≤ 5 and s ≤ 5 or (ii) g(i, j) > 5 and s > 5 where s is the intensity value of the seed of a region and g(i,j) is the intensity value of an eight-connected neighbor of the region. (5 marks) (b) State three problems of region growing by pixel aggregation. (3 marks) (c) Split and merge segmentation is another image processing technique used to segment an image. Briefly discuss the key steps in this approach. (6 marks) Q5. (a) Sketch the medial axis of the shape shown in Fig. Q5(a). You should indicate which portions of the medial axis are straight lines and which are not. (Use the attached diagram provided in the appendix to answer this question.) (5 marks) (b) The 8-directional chain code of the contour of an obiect is 076666553321212. Fig. Q5(b) shows the 8-directional code definition. (i) Sketch the contour of the object. (2 marks) (ii) Normalize the 8-directional chain code with respect to the orientation of the object. (2 marks) (iii) Now the 8-directional chain code of an input object is 067676553322221. Determine whether it is the same object with different orientation as object in Q5(b)(i). Show your steps clearly. (3 marks) Q6. (a) What is the Nyquist Sampling Theorem, and why is it important for audio processing? (3 marks) (b) What is "aliasing" and what causes it? (3 marks) (c) The frequency range of human hearing is usually given as 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, meaning that we can hear sounds in that range. With the aid of Q6(a) and Q6(b), why do we always choose 44.1 kHz as recording sampling rate? (5 marks) (d) If a piece of stereo music is sampled at 44.1 kHz with 12 bits per sample for 3 minutes, what is the total file size of the piece of music in bits? (2 marks) Q7. A perceptual audio codec is used to compress an audio signal. From the result of the spectrum analysis, the codec groups every 8 barks into a subband and then allocates bits to different subbands based on a psychoacoustic model. All samples in the same subband are quantized with the same quantizer, and the bit resolution of which is allocated by the codec. Fig. Q7(a) shows the frequency spectrum of a windowed segment of audio signal. The psychoacoustic model shown in Fig. Q7(b) is used in the audio codec to derive the masking threshold for the audio segment. (a) Locate the potential maskers (2 marks) (b) Based on the given psychoacoustic model, show the masking threshold in the attached diagram provided in the appendix. (6 marks) (c) Determine the Signal-to-Mask levels of each subband. (3 marks) (d) Suppose that allocating one additional bit to a subband results in a 6dB drop of the noise floor in that subband. Allocate an appropriate number of bits to all subbands. (3 marks) (e) Hence, briefly explain how the results in Q7(b) and Q7(d) can be used in perceptual coding. (5 marks)
High Dimensional Data Analysis Assignment 2 Due Date: 21st September 2022 at 4:30PM 1 Data The Gini index is a measure of income inequality. This assignment uses Gini index data on the set of 52 states of the U.S. The data was sourced from U.S. State-Level Income Inequality Data - Mark W. Frank. The data contains the following 11 variables. • Gini1918: Gini index in the year 1918 • Gini1928: Gini index in the year 1928 • Gini1938: Gini index in the year 1938 • Gini1948: Gini index in the year 1948 • Gini1958: Gini index in the year 1958 • Gini1968: Gini index in the year 1968 • Gini1978: Gini index in the year 1978 • Gini1988: Gini index in the year 1988 • Gini1998: Gini index in the year 1998 • Gini2008: Gini index in the year 2008 • Gini2018: Gini index in the year 2018 The full dataset can be found on Moodle under the name Inequality_data. csv. 2 Task The idea is that we want to investigate how inequality has evolved over time for different states. Your are required to conduct some preliminary analysis on the data. The only mandatory requirement is that you MUST use principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, you may also use the other techniques covered in the unit such as cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, but each of these is optional. You must summarise your results in a report of no more than 1500 words. Your R code and additional work not crucial to the analysis can be included in an Appendix (this will not count towards the word limit). 3 Guidance To assist you, a list of questions are provided below. These are designed to prompt you to think about the analysis and will influence the grading of the assignment. If you can think of issues not listed here then you are encouraged to address them. • Is the data clean? Are there missing values, outliers or other data credibility issues? • Can you derive any insights from the data from simple exploratory analysis including summary statistics and basic plots? • Can the data be easily visualised? • How can you profile the principal components? Do they have some interpretation in terms of the data itself? • Does the report contain enough information to be reproduced by somebody with knowledge of the techniques used? • Are all plots clearly presented and correctly explained? • Is the analysis robust to minor changes in the methodology? • Are any assumptions made for the analysis or in drawing conclusions. If so, are these clearly explained? • Does the report focus on a small number of interesting features of the analysis or does the report simply list everything that was attempted (the former is preferable to the latter)? • Are the limitations of the analysis clearly discussed? 4 Submission The assignment is a group assignment. The maximum group size is four people. You may form groups with students from different tutorial groups and from different unit codes. A single soft copy should be submitted with a group assignment cover page added to the front. All assignments should be assignment via Moodle. Peer review of your contribution to your team will be taken into consideration when marking the assignment.
EIE4435 Image and Audio Processing Semester 1, 2021/22 Q1. (a) Given that the Hue-Saturation subspace (a cross section of the HSI space) shown in Fig. Q1 is a perfect circle and colors A, B and C can be represented as the three points shown in the subspace, answer the following questions. Sort the colors according to their luminance in descending order. (2 marks) (ii) Which color has the largest saturation coefficent? (1 mark) (b) What color would a green paper appear when exposed to cyan light? (2 marks) (c) The following image frame. is coded in the YUV 4:2:2 color format. (i) Change it to the YUV 4:2:0 format by using the average technique. (2 marks) (ii) Give one advantage of using the YUV 4:2:0 color format in digital image. (2 marks) (d) Compute the median filtering output with 3×3 window of the following Y plane: Hence, explain the usage of the median filter. (4 marks) Q2. Fig. Q2 shows the results of applying Discrete Cosine Transform. (DCT) and quantization to an 8x8 image block. (a) Why is the JPEG format generally better than GIF for photographic images? (3 marks) (b) Explain the physical meaning of the DC coefficient and the AC coefficients in the DCT block. (3 marks) (c) Give reasons why the coding of DC coefficients is different from that of AC coefficients. (4 marks) (d) Using the DC and AC coding tables as shown in Table Q2(a) and Table Q2(b) respectively, code the bitstream of this block. Assume that the DC coefficient of the previous block is 34. (12 marks) Determine the compression ratio for the block. (2 marks) Q3. Suppose that a 3-bit image of size 64 x 64 pixels has the intensity distribution in Table Q3, where the intensity level r (where k=0, 1,..., 7) are integers in the range of [0, 7]. In Table Q3, n denotes the number of pixels that have intensity rk. (a) Plot the histogram of the image. Judge if the contrast of the image is poor. Give your reason based on the histogram. (3 marks) By using Table Q3, derive the discrete form. of the global histogram equalization transformation function. (10 marks) (c) Plot the histogram after the equalization. Comment your results. (3 marks) (d) What is the advantage of the local histogram equalization over the global histogram equalization? (4 marks) Q4. (a) Sketch the medial axis of the shape shown in Fig. Q4(a). You should indicate which portions of the medial axis are straight lines and which are not. (Use the attached diagram provided in the appendix to answer this question.) (5 marks) (b) Fig. Q4(b) shows an image with a white object, and the 4-directional code definition. The contour of the object is represented by the red line in Fig. Q4(b). (i) Represent the contour of the white object in a clockwise direction with a 4direction chain code. Use the rightmost pixel in the first row of the object as the starting point. (2 marks) (ii) What are the purposes of the first difference code and the shape number? (4 marks) (iii) Hence, detemine the first difference code and the shape number of the result obtained in (b)(i). (4 marks) (iv) Derive the occurrence probabilities of individual index values in the shape number. (2 marks) (v) The shape number of the object contour is now further encoded with Huffman coding. Derive a codeword table for its implementation. (4 marks) Q5. (a) The data sampling rate of a Compact Disc-Digital Audio (CD-DA) is 44.1 kHz. (i) Explain why this sampling rate is sufficient for audio signals. (2 marks) (ii) Why is dither needed in analog to digital audio conversion? Explain its working principle. (4 marks) (iii) If a piece of stereo music is sampled at 44.1 kHz with 16 bits per sample for 30 seconds, what is the total file size of the piece of music in bytes? (2 marks) (b) A perceptual audio codec is used to compress an audio signal. From the result of the spectrum analysis, the codec groups every 8 barks into a subband and then allocates bits to different subbands based on a psychoacoustic model. All samples in the same subband are quantized with the same quantizer, and the bit resolution of which is allocated by the codec. Fig. Q5(a) shows the frequency spectrum of a windowed segment of audio signal. The psychoacoustic model shown in Fig. Q5(b) is used in the audio codec to derive the masking threshold for the audio segment. (i) Based on the given psychoacoustic model, show the masking threshold in the attached diagram provided in the appendix. (4 marks) (ii) Determine the Signal-to-Mask levels of each subband. (4 marks) (iii) Suppose that allocating one additional bit to a subband results in a 6dB drop of the noise floor in that subband. Allocate an appropriate number of bits to all subbands. (2 marks) (iv) From perceptual quality point of view, is it advantageous to increase the number of subands from 4 to 8? Explain why? (2 marks) (v) Suppose you are now asked to design an audio codec for the elderly. Suggest two ways to adjust the hearing threshold shown in Fig. Q5(a) such that a higher compression ratio can be achieved without lowering the perceptual audio quality. (2 marks)
Hex Game Engine Documentation COMP34111 AI & Games 1. Submission checklist This is provided to help you check you have included everything in your submission. Make sure you test your submission and read this documentation carefully. Pay particular attention to the Docker instructions to ensure that your code will run in the test environment. 1. Correctly formatted cmd.txt file specifying your Python agent (see section Section 4.3) 2. A Python class implementing AgentBase - either your own implementation or the ExternalAgent (see Section 3) 3. Any other files required to run your agent in the Docker container (see section Section 4.1.2), such as extra Python files, your agent implementation in an alternative programming language, and compiled files if relevant (e.g. .class files for Java). We will not compile your code, you should do this before submission in the specified Docker environment and include both the source code and the compiled files in your submission. 2. General Information · The rules for Hex can be found here. · The board is 11x11 and it is represented by a 0-indexed two-dimensional matrix with rows that fall diagonally to the right. That is, the position (x, y) has neighbours left (x-1, y), right (x+1, y), above (x, y-1), below (x, y+1) and diagonally (x-1, y+1) and (x+ 1, y-1). Below you can see the neighbours of tile X marked as N: · Red aims to connect top and bottom sides, while Blue connects horizontally. Red moves first. · The pie rule is implemented · Each agent has a maximum total of 5 minutes per match · Your agent's performance will be evaluated by a combination of win rate (75%) and move speed (25%). · Possible outcome of a match: · Win - one agent has connected their sides of the board · Timeout - one agent has used up all the time allocated to it (5 minutes). The opposing agent wins. · Illegal move - one agent tries to occupy an already occupied tile, play a move outside the board or does not return a Move object. The opposing agent wins. 3. Implementation 3.1. Overview You have the option to implement your agent in Python, or in an alternative programming language of your choice. You can either implement the provided agent template class in Python, or use the provided agents/DefaultAgents/ExternalAgent.py class to launch your agent as an external process. More detailed instructions on how to do this are provided later, with an example implementation in Java. 3.2. Python agent An agent template is provided at agents/DefaultAgents/NaiveAgent.py. The class has two methods,_init_and make_move. When the game starts, the engine will call the_init_method in your Python agent, which will tell you which colour your agent will be playing as and allow you to perform. any setup steps. When it is your turn to move, the game engine will call the make_move method, which should always return a Move object. If the method is not a valid Move object, the game engine will classify the move as illegal, and your agent will lose the game immediately. When the make_move method is called, a Board object specifying the current game state will be provided, as well as a Move object specifying the opponent's move. The Board object contains a 2D list of Tile objects. Tile objects have x and y properties which match their position in the list returned by Board.get_tiles(). The Move object can be used to make a swap move or a normal move. To make a swap move, the Move object is created with the parameters (-1, -1). To make a normal move, the Move object is created with the parameters (x, y), where x and y are the coordinates the tile will be placed at. The agent's only implementation requirement is it must be a class that inherits the AgentBase class (located at src/AgentBase.py). AgentBase is an abstract base class that ensures you implement both the_init_and make_move methods yourself, and provides all the necessary methods for running a game.
EIE4435 Image and Audio Processing Semester 1, 2020/21 Q1. (Image Enhancement and Segmentation, 20 marks) (a) Figure Q1a shows a 7x5 digital image of 3-bit amplitude resolution (allowable gray levels of this image is {0,1,2,…7}). Figure Q1a Suppose that you want to use the thresholding technique to segment the image shown in Fig. Q1a. Derive an appropriate threshold value and threshold the image accrodingly. The initial threshold can be set to the average of pixel intensities. Follow the following rule when you do thresholding or grouping: pixel (i,j) ∈ group A pixels if g(i,j) ≤ the current threshold T; pixel (i,j) ∈ group B pixels, otherwise, where g(i,j) is the intensity value of pixel (i, j). (7 marks) (b) Enhance the image shown in Fig. Q1a by increasing its amplitude resolution to 8-bit and equalizing its histogram simultaneously. Show the first two rows ofthe output image. (10 marks) (c) Figure Q1c shows an image polluted by salt and pepper noise. Suggest a filter to remove the noise. (3 marks) Figure Q1c Q2. (Image Representation, 20 marks) (a) Draw the medial axis of the shaded object shown in Fig. Q2a. (5 marks) Figure Q2a (b) Approximate the boundary of the shaded object shown in Fig. Q2b with a polygon by using the splitting technique. The splitting criterion is that the maximum distance of the boundary from the corresponding side of the approximate polygon is larger than 0.3r. (5 marks) Figure Q2b (c) Figure Q2c shows the contour of an object and the grid applied. Also shown in the figure is the 4-directional code and the 8-directional code definitions. Figure Q2c (i) Represent the contour of the object in a clockwise direction with a 4-directional chain code and 8-directional code, respectively. Use the top-left corner as the starting point. (4 marks) (ii) Normalize your 8-directional code with respect to the orientation of the object (the first difference code). (2 marks) (iii) Now the 8-directional code of an input object is 7756535533131101. Determine whether it is the same object with a different orientation as shown in Fig. Q2c. Show your steps clearly. (4 marks) Q3. (Digital Image Coding, 20 marks) (a) Suppose that a 256 gray-level image is divided into 4 ×4 blocks and encoded using a JPEG baseline encoder. The quantized Discrete Cosine Transform. (DCT) coefficients ofthe first two 4 ×4 blocks in the image are given in Fig. Q3a. Fig. Q3a (i) Using the DC Coding Table and the AC Coding Table in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively, find the output bitstream for each 4 ×4 block. (10 marks) (ii) Determine the compression ratio for each 4 ×4 block. (2 marks) (b) Encode the message ‘ABCB’ with the arithmetic coding scheme. Show or illustrate your steps clearly. (8 marks) Q4. (Noise Shaping, 20 marks) (a) Figure Q4a shows a block diagram of a noise shaping circuit in an analog-to-digital conversion system. Figure Q4a (i) Show that, in Fig. Q4a, signal Y is the 2nd-order sigma-delta modulation output of signal X. (6 marks) (ii) Derive and sketch the frequency response of the noise transfer function of this 2nd- order sigma-delta modulator. (4 marks) (b) Figure Q4b is a noise shaper. The input is bounded by 0 v and 1 v. A constant 0.75 v input is fed into the noise shaper. Figure Q4b (i) Show that this is a 1st-order sigma-delta noise shaper. (3 marks) (ii) Derive the output sequence by completing Table Q4b. (3 marks) Table Q4b (iii) Is the output a periodic pattern sequence? What is the period of the sequence if it is? (2 marks) (iv) What is the problem with a periodic output? Suggest a solution to solve this problem. (2 marks) Q5. (Digital Audio Coding, 20 marks) A perceptual audio codec is used to compress an audio signal. The codec groups every 8 barks into a subband and then allocates bits to different subbands according to the result of a spectrum analysis based on a psychoacoustic model. All samples in the same subband are quantized with the same quantizer, and the bit resolution of which is allocated by the codec. Fig. Q5a shows the frequency spectrum of a windowed segment of audio signal. The psychoacoustic model shown in Fig. Q5b is used in the audio codec to derive the masking threshold for the audio segment. (a) Locate the potential maskers. (4 marks) (b) Based on the given psychoacoustic model, show the masking threshold in the figure. (6 marks) (c) Determine the Signal-to-Mask levels of each subband. (4 marks) (d) Suppose that allocating one additional bit to a subband results in a 6dB drop of the noise floor in that subband. Allocate an appropriate number of bits to all subbands. (2 marks) (e) Explain briefly why increasing the number of subbands can improve the perceptual quality of audio signal. (2 marks) (f) Give reasons why samples in Subband 4 generally require fewer bits to encode. (2 marks)
ECON2200-Management of Financial Institutions Semester:Sem 22023 1.General Course Information 1.1 Course Details Course Code:ECON2200 Course Title: Management of Financial Institutions Coordinating Unit: School of Economics Semester:Semester 2,2023 Mode: In Person Level:Undergraduate Delivery Location:St Lucia Number of Units:2 Contact Hours Per Week: LEC 2 Hours/Week TUT 1 Hour/Week Pre-Requsites:ECON1010 or 1011 Recommended Pre-Requisites: ECON1020 Course Description: Analyses economics of modern banking theory &financialinstitutions management.Describes various types of financial institutions &examines means of managing their operations Assumed Background: This course is an introduction to financial markets and institutions and therefore does not require any background in Finance.Due to its introductory nature,this course is NOT recommended for third year students who have taken more advanced Finance courses already,unless required by their degree. 1.2 Course Introduction The course introduces students to the Australian financial system,and provides an overview of a financial system in a developed economy by describing its main components.The course explains the role of a financial system in the economy,the functioning of financial markets,the main characteristics of common financial products,the valuation of financial assets,the ature and management of financial institutions,the role of central banks in the payment system and the regulation of the financial system.Thus,the course does not exclusively focus on financial institutions management isues,as thetitle may suggest,but aims at providing a wide picture of the different components making the Australian financial system,components that are present in a form or another in the financial systems of all developed economies. The course provides the background recommended for students who plan to take more advanced topics in Financial Economics such as ECON3210 Financial Markets and Institutions.AIthough not a formal requirement,the course is also usefulfor students planning to study FINM2401 Financial Management,FINM3401 Corporate Finance or FINM3404 Banking and Lending Decisions.The course has also been designed to apeal to students outside the BEL Faculty who are interested in obtaining an overview of the operation of the financial system.A basic level of maths is required for the course. Course Changes in Response to Previous Student Feedback Studentsliked the weekly reading quizzes and tests that spread out the workload over the semester.The overall ssessment structure and content received high praise in student evaluations over numerous semesters and thus remains unchanged.The team research presentation remains a source of uncertainty.This is partiallyby design to expose you to real world unstructured project type of work.We did develop a marking rubric to provide more insights and sample presentations (you are NOTallowed to use the same topic)will be made available.Some students were surprised that a lack of critical thinking and false calculations resulted in poor marks.For this semester we will provide a more detailed marking rubric for presentation 1 as well. 1.3 Course Staff Course Coordinator:Dr Axel Wieneke 1.4 Timetable Timetables are available on the UQ Public Timetable.(https://my.uq.edu.au/public-timetable) Additional Timetable Information Tutorial Preferencing: Please refer to My Timetable(available via your my.UQ dashboard)for more information on the tutorial preferencing and allocation process. Tutorials will commence in Week 2. The timetable is published through the UQ Public Timetablefound in the APPs section of myuQ.Students should refer to the timetable prior to the commencement of classes to ensure that they have the most up to date information,as from time to time late room changes may occur.The timetable can be downloaded here:Public Timetable (https:/timetable.my.uq.edu.au/odd/timetable/#subjects). Refer only to the 2023 timetable(click the text in the top right corner of the webpage to change the year). 2.1 Course Aims The course aims to introduce the student to the role of the financial system in the economy,the functioning of the financial markets andits products the nature and management of financial institutions,and the regulation of the financial system. The course teaches the key concepts of the discipline providing an overview of the financialsystem,which is the context of many other Economics courses,as wellas providing solid foundations for those contemplating further studies in the area of Financial Economics or Finance. 2.2 Learning Objectives After successfully completing this course you should be able to: 1 Demonstrate comprehension of basic economics and finance news 2 Perform basic financial calculations 3 Demonstrate expertise in analysing and evaluating financial markets,instruments, and institutions 4 Evaluate the validity of economic theory by contrasting it with real world data 5 Analyse the implementation and impact of monetary policy in a modern economy 6 Create an analysis of a course related topic and present it clearly and freely to a peer audience
Quantitative Physiology I / Molecular and Cellular Systems; BMEN E4001x HW5: Cell cytoskeleton and muscle physiology Due Nov. 20, 2024. 1) Actin dynamics (10 points) Consider the representation of actin thin filament assembly from ATP-bound and ADP-bound monomers: This question focuses on the phenomenon of actin treadmilling, in which the structure undergoes net disassembly at the minus end net growth at the plus end. Consider the activity of ATP-bound actin only; assume that ADP-bound actin is not present. 1.1) Over what range of ATP-actin monomer concentration is treadmilling observed? Base this on the average values stated for the various rate constants. (5 pts) 1.2) At what ATP-actin monomer concentration is constant-length treadmilling observed? (5 pts) 2) Muscle physiology (10 points) 2.1) What is the molecular-level force associated with a single cross-bridge interaction? (5 pts) 2.2) What are two things that distinguish cardiac from skeletal muscle? (5 pts) 3) Continuous cell lines (10 points) Continuous cell lines are a valuable tool in research, and have led to major discoveries in cellular physiology. In using these models, it is important to recognize and respect their specific history. For a continuous cell line of your choice, describe: . Why did you choose this type of cell? . The type of cell (e.g., neuron, osteoblast, or macrophage) that the model represents. . The source of the cell line, including species and method of preparation. . Ethical impacts associated with the generation of the cell line. . Shortcomings of the cell line, such as species or relevance to disease. . A discovery or insight that was made using these cells. Cite your source, such as primary research, webpage, or book chapter. A paragraph of up to 15 sentences is appropriate for this question. The American Type Culture Collection (www.atcc.org) is a good source for identification of cell lines. As appropriate, summarize a range of perspectives on the issues surrounding the chosen cell line.
Video Interview Information and Tips for Good Performance: Questions Being Asked: 1. How have the global financial markets performed in the period January 2nd 2024 to September 30th 2024 (inclusive) and have any particular sectors or industries performed better or worse than others? (3 minutes) 2. How do you think that different types of firm have been impacted in their ability to raise finance in that period? (2 minutes) Overall Mark: It will be marked out of 100 and most of the marks will be awarded to content relating to the questions and how well the answers are articulated ie. please regard this assessment as an interview for a graduate role where you have one chance to give of your best and create a very good first impression. Submission Deadline: Friday December 6th 2024 by 11.59pm You can begin to practice with the Shortlister software using the link below. Please note that the link for completion of the video assessment will be sent to you separately via your University email address and you will NOT be completing the assessment via the link below. I am attaching the following link so that you can perhaps use some of the pre-existing video interviews on the platform. to practice speaking online and to practice your presenting skills. In any event, knowledge of the platform. will be useful to you as you apply for graduate roles as online interviews may be part of the recruitment process. https://go.shortlister.com/marketplace/uniofliverpool Assessment Criteria, What You Should Include and How You should Approach the Assessment: First Impressions: 5 marks Many job interviews have been and will continue to be held via on-line interviews. They may be in a pre-recorded format, consistent with this assessment or synchronous / live in nature. Either way, use of the Shortlister software provides valuable practice. Accordingly, students should take the assessment seriously and conduct throughout should be very professional – this would of course indicate the personal standards of any candidate to employers. At the very least appropriate attire needs to be worn for an academic interview and this would be expected for any job or postgraduate interview. For example, the wearing of caps, hats, coats, sunglasses on the head, would not give the best first impression to me or any employer. Professional working environments have exacting and high expectations of appropriate conduct and professionalism, which should also be evident in this assessment. Evidence of Research: 15 marks In your video assessment I expect the content to reflect clear evidence of external research and resources. Examples would be use of the following websites (see below) and also the Financial Times. Your answers should make reference to your sources and data and stats should be quoted. For example: “According to the BBC Business website, the FTSE100 fell by x% in the period xxxx….” You should appreciate that the “markets” incorporate more than just equities (ie. Consider bonds, equity, commodities, interest rate changes made by the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Bank, foreign currency, oil and energy per say. There are many commodities but you should consider gold at the very least). Useful Sources and Websites: Back issues of the Economist publication (online through the library); Federal Reserve Bank Bank of England Office for National Statistics Bloomberg (use the terminals in the Michael Mackenzie Trading Suite in the Management School). Here you can look at market movements across all underlying assets. But DO NOT restrict your sources solely to Bloomberg. The Federal Reserve Bank (US website) Reuters BBC Business Yahoo Finance MSCI Barra for indices linked to sectors or industries The Financial Times (online registration needed through the library) Question 1: 40 marks (20 marks for content, 20 marks for standard of delivery) You may want to consider the following: · the impact on the regional global equity markets with accompanying stats and data (key regions are UK, Europe, USA and Asia); · the winners and losers in the equity markets (by industry / sector) with named company examples; · a summary of the bond market activity (prices and yield changes, leading Treasury Bonds can be referred to here); · the impacts on the energy, commodities and oil markets (with stats and data); · the impacts of economic data releases on the markets (eg inflation and the linked interest rates ie. Base rate and the Federal Funds Rate). Clearly, you need to determine when the data announcements occurred and when the MPC met to make base rate decisions. Only then can you see how the markets reacted, if at all. The minutes of each MPC meeting are a good source of information. In answering both questions 1 and 2, the mark awarded is not purely related to content. 50% of it is awarded for your presenting skills and how professional and convincing you are with your arguments (eg. you can effectively explain why the equity and bond markets responded in a certain way following the release of new inflation data or a change in the base rate). In addition, you need to be engaging and stimulating – if your voice is monotonal, this will not be achieved. At any on-line interview, the company will be trying to get a feel for your natural personality and confidence. Be yourself and let it shine through! It is often useful to watch industry pundits being interviewed on Bloomberg, Sky Business News or on Youtube. There is a lot of information to articulate effectively in the interview BUT that is part of the exercise – effective and convincing presentation of the information gathered, to an audience who need to be engaged and interested in what you are telling them. Question 2: (30 marks, 15 marks for content and 15 marks for standard of delivery) Here you should consider impacts on the sources of finance discussed in weeks 1 to 4 of the module (eg. venture capital, private equity, new corporate bond issues, IPOs and SEOs). Provide reasonable, common-sense arguments in terms of how you think small businesses and large listed companies have been impacted in trying to raise finance. Clearly if inflation and interest rates are declining, the pool of finance sources may widen and at a lower cost! Given the state of the economy and certain economic indicators, has there been a decline in appetite for investors providing finance to firms across all sizes, private and public or has there been a loosening in available sources? Back up your arguments with relevant data / stats. Please note that all questions should be answered verbally and props / slides / graphs / charts cannot be used. Speaking Clarity, Ability to keep within the time limits, Pace of delivery and ability to handle the questions: (10 marks) To be engaging, practice is needed and reading from a script, or in a robotic style. is not at all engaging. If reading directly from a script, it is obvious to the audience and should be avoided. Prior to undertaking the interview, practice with the Shortlister software (link provided above) or record yourself on your phone / computer / ipad to see how you sound to an audience. The more practice that you dedicate to this task, the more slick and professional you will look and sound. Pace is important – the audience needs to hear and understand every word clearly but if you rush your responses, clarity will be lost. Ability to keep within the time limits I will post a video on CANVAS describing what you see on your screen when you begin the video assessment. A clock will count down the time allocated to each question and will cut off precisely after 3 or 2 minutes respectively. You must adhere to the time allowed so ensure that you practice your timings so that you don’t get cut off mid-way through making an interesting point. End of Instructions
EIE4435 Image and Audio Processing Semester 1, 2023/24 Q1 . (a) What is the difference between the HSI color model and the RGB color model? (2 marks) (b) Use a median filter of size 3×3 to compute the median filtering output of the following image. Hence, what is the primary purpose of using a median filter in image processing? (4marks) (c) An image of YUV format has a frame resolution of 1920×1080 with a 4:1:1 color sub-sampling format, and 8 bits for each component. Determine the storage requirement of the image. (3 marks) (d) Let us consider a 3-bit image with dimensions of 64 × 32 pixels. The image’s intensity distribution, as shown in Table Q1, consists of intensity levels rk (where k = 0, 1, . . ., 7) . These intensity levels are integers ranging from 0 to 7. In Table Q1, nk denotes the number of pixels that have intensity rk. Table Q1 By using Table Q1, derive the discrete form of the global histogram equalization transformation function. Comments on the image before and after global histogram equalization. (11 marks) Q2 . (a) The Two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (2D DCT) is a coding method adopted in the JPEG standard. It aims to transform the intensity values of a grayscale image into a transform. domain, which consists of a DC coefficient and AC coefficients. The following two 8×8 blocks of intensities, namely f(x,y) and g(x,y), undergo the 2D DCT process, resulting in their respective transformation domain representations, denoted as F(u,v) and G(u,v), respectively. Describe the pattern of the coefficients in F(u,v) and G(u,v) and label the positions of the DC and AC coefficients. Explain how their appearances correspond to the patterns of the intensities. (Note: No calculations of the coefficients are necessary for this explanation.) (5 marks) (b) Figure Q2a shows a 256 gray-level image which consists of four 4×4 blocks. The image is encoded using a JPEG baseline encoder. The 16 quantized Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients of the four 4×4 blocks in the image are given in Figure Q2a. Each block consists of a DC coefficient and 15 AC coefficients. Figure Q2a (i) Using the DC Coding Table and the AC Coding Table in Table Q2a and Table Q2b, respectively, find the output bitstream for the whole image. (11 marks) (ii) Determine the compression ratio of the image. (2 marks) Table Q2a: DC Coding Table Table Q2b: AC Coding Table (c) If you were to compress (i) a photograph of a dog and (ii) a comic strip cartoon drawing, which file format (GIF or JPEG) would you select? Please provide a rationale for your choice. (2 marks) Q3 . (a) Draw the medial axis of the shaded object shown in Figure Q3a. The bold black line shows the boundary of the object. Determine whether the center of square ABCD is on the medial axis of the shaded object. Answer this question in the attached answer sheet. Figure Q3a (6 marks) (b) Represent the contour of the object shown in Figure Q3b in a clockwise direction with an 8- directional chain code. The resultant chain code should be normalized with respect to the orientation of the object and then the starting point of the chain code. Figure Q3b (4 marks) (c) Figure Q3c shows a 7×6 digital image of 3-bit amplitude resolution. The allowable gray levels for this image range from 0 to 7. Figure Q3c (i) Apply the thresholding technique to segment the image depicted in Fig. Q3c. Determine an appropriate threshold value and perform image thresholding accordingly. Set the initial threshold to the average of pixel intensities. Adhere to the following rule during thresholding or grouping: assign pixel (i,j) to group A if I(i, j) ≤ the current threshold T; otherwise, assign pixel (i, j) to group B, where I(i, j) is the intensity value of pixel (i,j) . (7 marks) (ii) Identify a limitation of the thresholding technique and propose a potential solution to overcome it. (3 marks) Q4 . A perceptual audio codec is used to compress an audio signal. The codec extracts windowed segments from the audio signal and carries out a spectrum analysis on each of them. According to the result of the spectrum analysis, it groups every 4 barks into a subband and then allocates bits to different subbands based on a psychoacoustic model. All samples in the same subband are quantized with the same quantizer, and the bit resolution of which is determined by the codec . Figure Q4a shows the frequency spectrum of a windowed segment of the audio signal. The psychoacoustic model shown in Figure Q4b is used in the audio codec to derive the masking threshold for the audio segment. Figure Q4a Figure Q4b (a) Locate the potential maskers. Mark them in the attached answer sheet. (1 mark) (b) Based on the given psychoacoustic model, derive the masking threshold and show it in the attached answer sheet. (6 marks) (c) Derive the signal-to-mask ratio of each subband. (3 marks) (d) Suppose allocating one additional bit to each sample of a subband results in a 5dB drop of the noise floor in that subband. Allocate an appropriate number of bits per sample to individual subbands. You can assume that there is no bit budget constraint. (2 marks) (e) The original windowed segment of the audio signal covers 1000 time samples per stereo channel. If we extend the window to cover 2000 time samples per stereo channel, what will be its impact on the coding performance of the codec? (4 marks) (f) If the available bit budget for the windowed segment of the audio signal is 2 bits less than the required number of bits computed in (d), adjust your bit allocation result to optimize the signal- to-noise ratio of the segment of the signal. (4 marks) Q5 . Figure Q5a shows the block diagram of a circuit that is designed to quantize a sampled analog audio signal. Figure Q5a Figure Q5b (a) Derive the z-domain transfer function of the module shown in Figure Q5b. (5 marks) (b) Based on the result obtained in Q5(a), derive the z-domain transfer function of the circuit shown in Figure Q5a. Contrast its difference from a 2nd order sigma-delta modulator. (8 marks) (c) The circuit is used to quantize a sampled analog audio signal to produce a digital audio signal. Explain why the circuit can help to improve the perceptual quality of the digital signal. (2 marks) (d) The module shown in Figure Q5c is designed to handle an input in range [0,1] . Its quantizer produces its output based on its input d as If the input signal of the module is a periodic sequence and its period is {4/6, 5/6}, what will be the output sequence of the module? You can assume that the initial quantizer error is 0. (5 marks) Figure Q5c
MAT 210: Brief Calculus (2025 Summer B) 1.1 Limits: A Numerical and Graphical Approach Use the graph of G shown to find the limit. When necessary, state that the limit does not exist. Select the correct choice and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.
Quantitative Physiology I / Molecular and Cellular Systems; BMEN E4001x HW4: Channels and potentials, Due Nov. 13, 2024, 11:00PM 1) Design of an action potential burst cell (20 points) Assume your lab has cells with excitable membranes, equipped with voltage sensitive Na+ and K+ channels sufficient to carry out action potentials. Your task is to turn these cells into ones which in response to an appropriate trigger produce a train of action potentials at set time intervals. You plan to do this by introducing a new Ca++ channel into these cells. When triggered, these channels increase Ca++ conductance, altering the electrical properties of the cell. Your mission in this problem is to specify the conductance of these Ca++ channels that would induce a pulse train in which action potentials start every 20 ms. Assume: Membrane capacitance is 1 μF/cm2 . The Ca++ channels allow passage of only Ca++ ions during the trigger signal. Note that the Ca++ ion has two positive charges. Each action potential: o is started when the membrane voltage increases to –55 mV. o lasts 10 ms; the goal is to design a 10 ms period between the end of one action potential and beginning of the next. o terminates with instantaneous closure of the repolarizing K+ channels. Membrane voltage at this point = –80 mV. This is a simplifying assumption. o is mediated by channels whose conductance overwhelms the resting conductance during the action potential but are completely off outside of the 10 ms action potential. Constants and units: o T = 310 K; o 1 Siemens = 1 Amp / Volt o 1 Volt = 1 J / C = 1 N*m/C; (C = Coulombs) o 1 Amp = 1 C/sec o 1 F * 1 Ω = 1 sec; 1 S = 1 1/Ω ; 1Ω=1V/A Report numbers out to three significant figures. Part 1 - Electrical Equivalence (5 points) 1.1) Consider the membrane to be modeled as the full pump-leak model augmented with a capacitor element. Derive that, in terms of the electrical equivalence circuit, the right schematic is equivalent to the left circuit, with the specified values of equivalent resistance and voltage source. 1.2) What is the resting potential for this system? Part 2 – Design of Electrical Response (15 points) Now consider the membrane with channels that provide a Ca++ conductance of gCa. (That is, consider the system with the channels triggered to be open). 1.3) Expand the model from Part 1 to include the new Ca++ channel. Provide an expression for a new resting potential as a function that includes gCa. Assume that the membrane is not excitable, so approaching this new potential does not initiate an action potential. 1.4) For an experiment in which the membrane voltage is first clamped to -80 mV and then released, provide an equation describing membrane voltage as a function of time. Provide numbers for key voltages. As in part 1.3, assume here that the membrane is not excitable. 1.5) Provide an expression for how long it takes after release (unclamping) for the membrane voltage to reach -55 mV. That is, for an excitable membrane, how long will it take before a new action potential is initiated? 1.6) What Ca++ conductance is needed to provide a 10 ms gap between the hyperpolarization phase and initiation of a new action potential?
Checkpoint 3 Learning Outcomes Can implement a web server with endpoints following a REST API specification. Able to write tests that sends HTTP requests using test framework like supertest. Can design and build a web frontend based on a specifcation. 1. Introduction Up to now, and maybe without realizing it, you have been developing the server side (backend) of a web application. In this checkpoint, you will give your project a frontend (AKA a client-side implementation)! A frontend allows a non-technical end user to access your project through a user interface (UI). The previous two checkpoints built the backend of your application and although your tests can access your methods, it would be difficult for an end user to make use of them. In this checkpoint, you will complete your application by building a web frontend to allow a user to access to your backend methods (addDataset, removeDataset, listDataset, and performQuery). We will provide two frontend specifications, Section Insights and Campus Explorer, and you will select one of the two to implement. Section Insights focuses on giving users insights into the sections datasets with figures and graphs. Campus Explorer will allow users to visualize the campus buildings and access the rooms data. One core activity that is common to both frontends is evolving your existing implementation to be a server. C3 involves implementing a REST API server, which your frontend will use to communicate with your existing implementation. 2. Grading We will check for copied code on all submissions, so please make sure your work is your own. Your grade for Checkpoint 3 will be 30% from AutoTest grading of your server implementation and 70% from a manual assessment of your frontend implementation. 2.1 Server Implementation (30%) As with C1 and C2, the Server Implementation will be graded by AutoTest and you will submit your code via your Github repository. We will grade every commit on the main branch of your repository. Your grade will be the maximum grade you received from all commits on the main branch made before the checkpoint deadline. AutoTest will behave in the same manner as C1 and C2. To request the associated smoke test feedback, you can comment with @310-bot #c3 on the merge commit of interest on the main branch. As with prior deliverables, #check feedback will be available on all branches. 2.2 Frontend Implementation (70%) Frontend requirements details, and how submit your implementation, are described in detail below. Your team must implement all of the user stories that were created for Journal 2, in addition to implementing one of the two frontends. 3. Server Implementation You will implement a web server to surface your InsightFacade methods to enable a frontend to access those methods via HTTP requests. Your Web server will need to provide the following REST endpoints exactly as they are specified, because your client (aka. AutoTest) will leverage on these endpoints to access your InsightFacade methods. Below is a list of the REST endpoints your Web server must support. PUT /dataset/:id/:kind allows one to submit a zip file that will be parsed and used for future queries. The zip file content will be sent 'raw' as a buffer in the PUT's body, and you will need to convert it to base64 server side. Response Codes: 200: When InsightFacade.addDataset() resolves. 400: When InsightFacade.addDataset() rejects. Response Body: {result: arr}: Where arr is the array returned by a resolved addDataset. {error: err}: Where err is a string error message from a rejected addDataset. The specific string is not tested. DELETE /dataset/:id deletes the existing dataset stored. This will delete both disk and memory caches for the dataset for the id, meaning that subsequent queries for that id should fail unless a new PUT happens first. Response Codes: 200: When InsightFacade.removeDataset() resolves. 400: When InsightFacade.removeDataset() rejects with InsightError. 404: When InsightFacade.removeDataset() rejects with NotFoundError. Response Body: {result: str}: Where str is the string returned by a resolved removeDataset. {error: err}: Where err is a string error message from a rejected removeDataset. The specific string is not tested. POST /query sends the query to the application. The query will be in JSON format in the POST's body. NOTE: the server may be shutdown between the PUT and the POST. This endpoint should always check for a persisted data structure on disk before returning a missing dataset error. Response Codes: 200: When InsightFacade.performQuery() resolves. 400: When InsightFacade.performQuery() rejects. Response Body: {result: arr}: Where arr is the array returned by a resolved performQuery. {error: err}: Where err is a string error message from a rejected performQuery. The specific string is not tested. GET /datasets returns a list of datasets that were added. Response Codes: 200: When InsightFacade.listDatasets() resolves. Response Body: {result: arr}: Where arr is the array returned by a resolved listDataset The :id and :kind portions above represent variable names that are extracted from the endpoint URL. For example, in the PUT URL http://localhost:4321/dataset/mysections/sections, mysections would be the id and sections would be the kind. 3.1 Bootstrap Code (Required) We will provide starter code for the Web Server as a pull request against your main branch. Once you merge this pull request from 310-bot, you will have three new files in your project associated with the implementation of a Web server: src/App.ts contains the source code for starting the application and initializing the server. This will be given to you for free. src/rest/Server.ts contains the logic for your server. test/rest/Server.spec.ts contains the tests for your server. You'll want to write your own Server tests here! Both the Server.ts and Server.spec.ts files will contain some sample code to point you in the right direction. We will use express as our REST server library. Please refer to its documentation! 3.2 Testing the Web Server Your local tests for the endpoints you implement in Server.ts should exist in Server.spec.ts file. The same libraries and frameworks as before (Mocha, Chai) will be used for testing, with the addition of SuperTest. SuperTest is used to send HTTP requests to your backend endpoints within a test case. Your tests will have to send requests to your backend and check the received responses for validity. You will want to use the debugger to inspect the received responses to determine the exact format of response and where to find the values you want to assert against. 4. Frontend Implementation For the frontend implementation, you will create a fully functional web interface. You will implement one of two specifications: Section Insights or Campus Explorer. The goal of both frontends is to allow users to view and learn information about the datasets on your server. Additionally, you must implement the user stories that you specified in Journal 2. The demo for these user stories will be assessed in the Journal 3 oral discussion lab after the C3 deadline, where you will be asked to demonstrate the overall usability of your system. Thus, it is important to design your frontend with usability in mind, not just basic functionality! Important: You can add new dependencies (ie. run yarn add ) for your frontend, but these dependencies must be contained within the /frontend directory. (You'll likely have a second package.json in your frontend directory). Web Frontend Bootstrap (Optional) For either frontend specification, you can choose to use the provided basic web frontend bootstrap if you wish. This bootstrap is completely optional; if you prefer, you may choose to configure any other library you would like, including React or Angular. The optional frontend sources will be available as an optional pull request on your repository. We’ve provided a simple implementation that contains a button that when clicked shows an alert. If you merge the optional PR to use our bootstrap, you will need to uncomment the following line in your Server.ts file: this.express.use(express.static("./frontend/public")) This line is what serves your frontend UI sources to the root of your application. The subdirectory /public contains the static sources that will be hosted by your Web app: index.html contains the starter HTML code for the UI. This file is hosted by the GET / endpoint of your REST server. This will already be implemented in the bootstrap. style.css contains the CSS styling of the UI. frontend.js contains the logic to listen to the button click event and show an alert. There are two new aspects to the Web frontend that you haven't seen in prior checkpoints: 1. Plain JavaScript. While it is theoretically possible to develop the frontend in TypeScript, you are also welcome to use plain JavaScript. 2. Browser. You will dive into the world of browsers with your frontend implementation. Your frontend code will be run in the browser and will communicate with your Web server via REST/Ajax calls. This means also that you will have the global window, document and XMLHttpRequest objects from the browser available anywhere in your frontend code. 4.1 Submitting your frontend work You will submit a video demonstrating your frontend implementation. This video must be uploaded online with the link specified in the /frontend/README.md file. You are responsible for choosing a location that the TAs can access while grading, e.g., a YouTube link. The video demo must satisfy all of the below requirements to get full credit. Failure to follow all of exact instructions below will result in grade reductions: 1. The demo must be uploaded online, and be accessible via a link (URL). The link must be present in the /frontend/README.md file of your project. 2. The demo must be a continuous screen recording. We are not expecting a polished work of art, for example, you may need to restart your server during your demo and that is ok! 3. Include audio explaining what you are doing. You can easily add a microphone to the default screen recording provided by both Windows and Mac. 4. Demonstrate the required behaviour as described in the specification, and show the Network Request when a network request is going to your server. For example, when a user adds a dataset, there will be a corresponding call to your API to add the dataset. You need to show this Network Request in your video. It may be easiest to just keep the Network tab of the development tools in your browser open during the entire demo. Showing the Network Request upon the user doing the action. To do so, open the developer tools in your browser and navigating to the "Network" tab. When performing the action, a network request will go to your server. 5. Be under 10 minutes. Most demos will be between 2-6 minutes. 4.2 Section Insights Specification The Section Insights frontend allows users to add and remove sections datasets, and provides visual insights into those datasets. 4.2.1 Implementation Details Adding a Sections Dataset A user should be able to add new datasets to your application through the browser (frontend). Your application needs to: Allow the user to create their own ID (via an input of some kind) Allow the user to choose which zip file from their computer to upload Provide feedback if either the ID or the dataset is invalid Provide feedback if the dataset is added correctly After successfully adding the dataset, the user interface should update to include the added dataset. No page refresh: there should be no page refresh between when the dataset is added, and when the user interface is updated. If you need to refresh the page to see the updated user interface, then your frontend does not meet this requirement. Removing a Sections Dataset A user should be able to remove existing datasets from your application through the browser (frontend). Your application needs to: Allow the user to remove a dataset After successfully removing the dataset, the user interface should update to remove the deleted dataset. No page refresh: there should be no page refresh between when the dataset is removed, and when the user interface is updated. If you need to refresh the page to see the updated user interface, then your frontend does not meet this requirement. Viewing Added Datasets A user should be able to know which datasets are currently added to your server through the browser, where each dataset is recognized by its ID. Your application needs to: Display the ID of each added dataset Dataset Insights The most important part of this frontend is enabling users to gain insights about the added datasets. For each added dataset, a user should be able to view three insights about the data they contain. These insights should be a visual representation using some kind of plot or graph. A number or table will not count as an insight. Be creative and thoughtful! These insights should reflect useful and interesting insights a user may want to gain by using your application. To create these plots and/or graphs, you will likely want to use a third party library like d3 or chart-js. Your application needs to: For each added dataset, display three plots or graphs that provide useful insights into the data they contain. 4.3 Campus Explorer Specification The Campus Explorer frontend focuses on enabling users to view building information on a map, and learn about the relationships between rooms from rooms datasets. 4.3.1 Implementation Details Viewing Buildings on a Map A user should be able to view the locations of the rooms in the C2 rooms dataset on a map. Your application needs to: Display a base map (e.g., using Google maps). Include markers on the map for each building within this dataset. Room Insights A user should be able to view detailed information about each room, and the relationships between rooms, in the dataset. Your application needs to: Allow users to select between 0 to 5 rooms. Please ensure your demo shows each of 0 rooms selected to 5 rooms selected. For each selected room, the user should be able to see the room's fullname, shortname, number, address and seats. If two or more rooms are selected, then relationships between rooms should appear. For each pair of rooms, the UI should estimate the walking time between them. This estimate should be roughly accurate, where two rooms within the same building have a low walking time, compared to the walking time between buildings. Note: for this specification, you are not required to handle uploading a dataset from the UI. Instead, you could find a way to call addDataset by submitting a zip to one of your REST endpoints using Postman or curl.
1. Construct the phylogenetic tree There are 16 possible changes from one nucleotide to the other. The changes can be represented as 4X4 transition matrix. Please calculate the log likelihood for the following tree topologies. Then decide the topology for the phylogenetic tree by maximum likelihood. Suppose the sequences are as follows X0: AGA X1:AGC X2:ACT X3:ACG 2. Please download the gene expression table from iSpace. Refers to lab 2 and lab 3, 1). Apply cell type cluster for the data. (Please store the cluster label for each cell); 2). For the two clusters that have most cells (summary the numbers as table), detect the differential expressed genes across the two cluster. Remember to conduct multiple test adjustment. (Please store pvalue, and fold change for each gene; Alpha=0.05, fold change >2 as threshold) 3). For the detected differential expressed genes, apply the gene set enrichment to see what is the most relative biological function. (Please indicate method you used in each step and store the result as “.csv” file) 3. See following description about detecting differential expressed gene by linear regression model. Given the normalized genes expression value as follow: There are two groups (T and C). We need to determine whether the expression differences between different conditions for a given gene are greater than expected by chance. Here we use simple linear regression model to fit the difference between different conditions. Calculate the b0 and b1 for each gene. Suppose the distribution of b1 for all genes are as follows, Which genes are differential expressed genes, if we take 10% level of significance (alpha=0.1) ? 4. Network reconstruction. Given gene expression table as follow, 1). Please calculate the mutual information between each gene pair (see mutinformation() in R package “infotheo"). 2). Apply CLR (Context Likelihood of Relatedness) for each pair. 3). Plot the inferred network with CLR=0.1 as threshold. 5. (Open question.) Below are COSMIC cancer mutation signatures detected based on NMF (https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/signatures/signatures_v2/). Consider X=W*H, W is feature matrix, H is coefficient matrix. Then after apply NMF to mutation profile, decomposed to W (mutation signature) and H (the contribution of different signatures in each cancer types). Example. Signature 1. For each patient, we can do DNA sequencing, mutation calling, and get the occurrence number of each mutation types. (For the mutation types, please see the x axis in the figure of signature 1.) In other words, for each patient, we will have a vector (1*96) to capture the mutation state. Please design an algorithm to infer the patient may get which cancer type.
Design coursework for Water Supply module in water, sanitation and health (WASH) programme Module Code and Title CIVE5320M & CIVE5321M - Water Supply Module Manager Mohsen Besharat Assignment Title Design of a rural water supply system Assignment Type Summative Assignment Weighting 50% of final module mark [40% Individual report + 10% Group exercise] Word Limit Group poster: 500 to 1000 words Individual report: 3000 words Set Date 27/01/2025 Submission Date Group exercise: 23:59 - 28/02/2025 Individual report: 23:59 - 31/03/2025 Submission Method: Electronic submission on Minerva Feedback Date: For Group submission: 14/03/2025 For individual submission: 28/04/2025 Type of Feedback: Online: Turnitin Feedback + Feedback Fruit Rationale Water supply is a crucial infrastructure with direct applications in solving water, sanitation and health (WASH) challenges. With water scarcity and quality concerns becoming increasingly prevalent, it is essential to educate the next generation of engineers on the design and operation of sustainable water supply systems. This coursework will foster an interdisciplinary approach by combining principles of civil engineering, hydraulics, health, risk, and sustainability. Such an approach aligns with the evolving demands of the field and equips students with a comprehensive skill set. By incorporating design and operational aspects in assessment coursework, students will gain hands-on experience in water supply systems. This coursework will try to introduce students to the global variations in water supply challenges. Incorporating this coursework will not only contribute to students’ skill development but also provide students with a valuable educational experience of designing water treatment and distribution systems in a global context. Learning outcomes On completion of this coursework, student should be able to: Learning Outcome Assessed in 1 Apply a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of mathematics and engineering principles to design to pre-feasibility level water supply systems, including in relation to water source development, water treatment and distribution Exam Individual Report Group Exercise Lab Exercise 2 Synthesise a complex engineering brief on design of water supply systems in a practical scenario while showing detailed understanding of wider contexts such as societal, environmental and economic impacts and discussing the implication of various stakeholders and suggest solutions for the complex problem posed Individual Report Group Exercise 3 Perform. a comprehensive literature review within technical literature and demonstrate critical awareness of new developments in the design and operation of water supply systems to improve the efficiency and sustainability of systems Individual Report Group Exercise 4 Identify and monitor water quality hazards within drinking water systems, with special reference to priority biological and chemical contaminants Individual Report Group Exercise 5 Apply decisions on the design, maintenance and operation of drinking water systems to maintain drinking water safety supported by engineering justification while discussing technical limitations and constraints, where the available data and information might not be complete Individual Report Group Exercise 6 Apply computational techniques in design of water distribution systems by modelling the system in EPANET or similar tools as well as using hydraulics calculations to quantify required system parameters Individual Report 7 Describe the major socio-economic and technical factors that influence the management of drinking water supply schemes in resource constrained environments (AHEP 4 Learning Outcomes M5); Individual Report 8 Demonstrating awareness of regulations and design standards related to design, operation and maintenance (AHEP 4 Learning Outcomes M5); Individual Report 9 Demonstrate contribution of engineering solutions towards sustainable development goals (SDGs) Individual Report Group Exercise 10 Apply communication skills to effectively communicate a complex engineering solution with technical and non-technical audience in written report Exam Individual Report Group Exercise Brief Huarmaca is a district in the province of Huancabamba, located in the Piura region of northwestern Peru. The local government of Huarmaca has commissioned a project to improve the water supply for households surrounding the town of Tunaspampa. The project aims to provide a stable supply of safe, potable water to all households in Sector I to Sector IV of this localities. To achieve this, treatment processes must be established to ensure the water is safe for human consumption, and a piped distribution system must be designed to connect the treated water supply to individual households. A location map is provided in Annex A, showing the project's area. Annex B contains details of the sectors with households requiring water supply. The source of water will be a spring, identified as BM-1 in Annex B. The coordinates of the spring are [Latitude: -5.6946, Longitude: -79.5150], allowing you to locate it on universal mapping platforms to familiarise yourself with the geography of the area. The spring is capable of meeting the entire water demand of the region. Annex C includes a drone-based topographic map of the area, showing altitude information. This should guide both the conceptual and detailed pipeline design decisions. Note that the coordinates in Annex B and Annex C use the standard UTM system, which must be converted to latitude and longitude for use on platforms such as Google Maps. High-quality versions of the maps provided in Annexes A to C are available for download on Minerva under the Assessment and Feedback folder. The region lies in a tropical zone. While the climate is primarily warm and dry (with average rainfall of 20 mm per month), intense rainstorms occasionally occur throughout the year. Additionally, there is a rainy season lasting four months, during which the average rainfall increases to 100 mm per month. Table 1 presents the characteristics of water samples collected from the spring during the two principal seasons. Table 1: Characteristics of spring water samples during the two principal seasons Ave BOD5 (mg/L) E.coli (cfu/100mL) Arsenic (mg/L) Rainy season 2.4 3,000 - 7,000 0.075 Dry season 3.6 7,000 - 12,000 0.075 There are periodic interruptions to electrical power and the supply of chemicals in the region, which should be considered when designing the system. The number of households in Sector I and Sector II is indicated on the map, with specific buildings serving key community roles: Building 15 is a primary school, and Buildings 16, 41, and 43 are community centres. The population per household is provided in a table in both Annex B and Annex C, covering buildings numbered 1 to 47. Your designed water distribution system must supply water to all 47 buildings listed in the table. The primary school (Building 15) must accommodate water for 60 students from the surrounding area, and each community centre (Buildings 16, 41, and 43) must be capable of supporting a supply for 20 individuals. When designing treatment processes, if a centralised treatment plant is proposed, it must be economically viable. This requires accounting for future population growth across the region, based on your proposed design life and growth rate. Population growth is assumed to be 3% per annum. Both the treatment plant/process and the water distribution network must be designed to withstand future developments, including the impacts of climate change and increasing population. The locations, sizes, and specifications of any treatment works and pipes within the water treatment and distribution system are to be determined by you. However, it is critical that the design accounts for population growth over the entire design life to ensure feasibility. Designs that fail to address these factors will not meet the requirements of the local government. The local government mandates that all water supply systems must guarantee a continuous supply of water (non-intermittent) that meets World Health Organisation (WHO) standards for water quality. These standards have been formally adopted as the Peruvian national standard. Compliance with these standards is a key requirement for the project. Please prepare a report for the local government of the Huarmaca district outlining a proposal for appropriate water treatment and distribution systems for the Tunaspampa region. The report should include recommendations for management arrangements, with a focus on ensuring that the entire system is operated and managed locally. You must propose methods for managing the operation of the treatment and distribution system. The proposal must ensure the delivery of safe and effective potable water throughout the year. Your report should present a detailed proposal for the treatment and distribution system, incorporating the following technical elements: • Main Elements of the Treatment System: Provide a detailed explanation of the primary components of the proposed treatment system, including the approximate size, capacity, and role/function of each individual unit. • Piped Distribution System Design: Include a design for a piped distribution system that connects treated water to individual households. This design should be justified with appropriate calculations and hydraulic models. You must simulate the system using suitable software, such as EPANET, and include the simulated network and results in your report. • Operation Key Aspects: Describe the key operational aspects of the system, including methods to address interruptions in electricity supply or chemical availability. Highlight any differences in operational requirements between the dry and rainy seasons. • Potential Concerns and Solutions: Summarise potential challenges that could affect the operation of the system and provide recommendations for addressing these concerns. Clearly state any assumptions made in the design of the treatment and distribution systems. Additionally, briefly explain the advantages of your proposed solution compared to alternative approaches. You are strongly encouraged to discuss how your proposed solution contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, consider integrating recent advances in smart systems into your design and discuss the potential benefits of incorporating smart water system technologies. Assignment Guidance You must prepare two elements for this coursework: a) a group poster, b) an individual report. a) Group Poster Guidance The first submission is a group poster, due on 28th February 2025. This poster will be peer-reviewed and marked according to the rubric provided in this brief. It should give an overview of your group's justification for selecting the proposed water treatment technology and the preliminary design of the piped distribution system. Group allocations will be announced on Minerva. Your team will consist of individuals with diverse skills essential for success. These may include: • Generating and evaluating design ideas • Monitoring progress and decision-making • Coordinating and planning work • Producing the poster • Challenging and refining ideas • Ensuring team cohesion and maintaining momentum Identify the skills available within your team and any that need to be developed. Allocate tasks effectively, ensuring that each member contributes to a high standard and on time. Collaboration, accountability, and good communication are key to achieving a well-rounded and impactful poster. Your poster must include the following sections: Title: Choose a relevant and engaging title to reflect the focus of your work. Introduction: Provide a brief overview of the task, including the aim, objectives, and scope. Summarise your design approach for the water treatment and distribution systems. Water Treatment Design Concept: Justify your choice of technology for treating water to meet WHO standards, as mandated by the Peruvian national standard. Present the layout of the treatment plant. Preliminary Design of Piped Distribution System: Outline your approach to designing a piped water distribution network that connects treated water to all buildings. Highlight how the design accounts for population growth (3% per annum) and resilience to climate variability, as specified in the task brief. Operation and Resilience: Discuss operational considerations, including strategies to handle interruptions in electricity or chemical supplies. Highlight differences in operation between dry and rainy seasons and propose solutions to maintain continuous water supply throughout the year. Conclusions and Recommendations: Summarise the advantages of your proposed design over alternative approaches. Identify any potential biases or uncertainties in your design and suggest how they might be addressed. Contributions to SDGs and Smart Systems: Discuss how your proposed solution aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation). Explore the potential benefits of integrating smart water system technologies to enhance efficiency, monitoring, and resilience. Ensure the poster is well-organised, with clear headings and concise text. Use high-quality diagrams, graphs, and images to enhance understanding and engage your audience. Avoid overcrowding the poster with excessive text; prioritise key information. Use consistent fonts, colours, and spacing for a professional appearance. Check for grammatical accuracy and clarity before submission. When preparing a poster, please have a look at the links below: • What is an academic poster? - Canterbury Christ Church University • Posters - Posters with a Powerful Point: A practical guide to designing academic posters - Subject Guides at University of York • How to design an award-winning conference poster | Impact of Social Sciences (lse.ac.uk) An electronic copy of your poster must be submitted via Minerva through Feedback Fruits tool. b) Individual Report Guidance Your report must adhere to a maximum word limit of 3000 words. Tables, figures, the reference list, and appendices do not count towards this word limit. However, the main content of the report must remain within the body and should not be shifted to the appendices. The report, excluding the appendices, should be comprehensive and address all the requirements of the task. Appendices should only include supplementary materials (e.g., EPANET network models and detailed reports) that support the main text and help the reader better understand your methodology and analysis. The report must be presented as a professional document that meets high academic writing standards. It should include: • A cover page • A table of contents • Numbered headings and subheadings • Figure and table captions with proper numbering • A reference list All sources of information must be appropriately cited in the text, and a comprehensive reference list must be provided, adhering to the University of Leeds’s Harvard referencing style. For further guidance, please consult the university’s referencing guide:Referencing | Library | University of Leeds To improve clarity and the quality of your solutions, use diagrams, charts, sketches and drawings effectively. Ensure that these visuals are original or appropriately adapted with clear objectives and relevance to your report. Avoid directly copying and pasting images, tables, charts, or text from online or other literature sources without proper adaptation or critical input. Ensure the main body of the report sufficiently addresses all the required elements of the task. Failure to adhere to these guidelines may result in your submission being rejected for assessment. For further advice on academic writing and good academic practices, refer to the Skills@Library website: Academic skills | Library | University of Leeds. Assessment Criteria The report will be marked according to the breakdown of marks in Table 2: Table 2: Breakdown of marks for each specific section • Poster presentation: 20% • Poster content: 40% • Results presentation: 20% • Evidence of teamwork and engagement in peer-review: 20% 10% • Report Style and Presentation: 5% • Introduction: 10% • Main technical elements of the treatment system: 20% • Design of the water distribution network: 40% • Operational and management aspects: 20% • Conclusion: 5% 40%
EEE203 Signals and Systems I Lab: Alexa, What did I Say? Bob recently bought an Amazon Echo Dot. He is very curious of the automatic speech recognition technology used by Alexa. He wants to understand how it works. To start simple, he wants to know how to recognize phonemes. He has a short speech recording. He needs your help to design an algorithm to identify what phonemes were said in the recording. Before tackling this challenge, first some background knowledge. Speech Analysis Let’s first briefly discuss some of the important speech properties. Firstly, speech signals are non-stationary, i.e., they change over time. However, speech signals can typically be considered as quasi- stationary over short segments, typically 5-20 ms. Thus, we often study the statistical and spectral properties of speech defined over short segments such as 20 ms. Speech can generally be classified as voiced (e.g., /a/, /i/, etc), unvoiced (e.g.,/sh/), or mixed. Time and frequency domain plots for sample voiced and unvoiced segments are shown in Fig. 1. Voiced speech is quasi-periodic in the time-domain and harmonically structured in the frequency-domain, while unvoiced speech is random-like and broadband. In addition, the energy of voiced segments is generally higher than the energy of unvoiced segments. Figure 1. Voiced and unvoiced segments and their short-time spectra. We will focus on voiced speech here. The short-time spectrum of voiced speech is characterized by its fine and formant structure. The fine harmonic structure is a consequence of the quasi-periodicity of speech and may be attributed to the vibrating vocal chords. Figure 2. Voiced speech fine harmonic structure obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Note the narrow harmonic peaks. Recall periodic signals have harmonic spectra. Note the first peak of the spectrum in Fig. 2 (pointed by arrow) is the fundamental or pitch frequency. (The small peak in front is due to the DC component.) The fundamental frequency is usually higher for female speakers relative to male speakers. The formant structure (spectral envelope) of voiced speech is due to the interaction of the source and the vocal tract. The vocal tract consists of the pharynx and the mouth cavity. The shape of the spectral envelope that "fits" the short-time spectrum of voiced speech in Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 3. The spectral envelope is characterized by a set of peaks which are called formants. The formants are the resonant modes of the vocal tract. For the average vocal tract there are three to five formants below 5 kHz. The amplitudes and locations of the first three formants, usually occurring above 90 Hz and below 3 kHz, are quite important both in speech synthesis and perception. Higher formants are also important for wideband and unvoiced speech representations. The spectral envelope of voiced speech can be approximated by the frequency response of an all-pole filter, for which the filter coefficients can be estimated through linear predictive analysis. Figure 3. Voiced speech formant (vocal tract) envelope obtained using the (Linear Predictive Coding) LPC frequency response. Note the envelope peaks pointed by arrows are known as formants. The formant frequencies characterize the intelligibility of speech and are often parameterized and used for recognizing and synthesizing phonemes. Examples of phonemes along with their first two formant frequencies for male voice are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Average (ideal) formant frequencies for male Phoneme Formant F1 (Hz) Formant F2 (Hz) (a, 560 1480 (i, 280 2620 (ɑ, 560 920 (u, 320 920 Z-Transform, Poles and Zeroes To find the formant frequencies needed for phoneme recognition, one has to understand the relationship between poles and frequency peaks of a fiIter,s frequency response. A discrete-time LTI system (i.e., a digital filter) can be characterized by linear-constant coefficient difference equation The z-Transform. of the impulse response of the above LTI system, i.e., the system or transfer function, can be written in the following form. Assuming a0 = 1, we have The am,s and bl,s are caIIed the fiIter coefficients of the system with a0 always being equal to one. The transfer function in Equation 1 can also be written in terms of poles and zeros as follows where ζl and pm are the zeros and poles of H(z) respectively, and G is a positive constant. The locations of poles and zeros determine system characteristics. For a causal and BIBO stable filter, we know that all the poles must be inside the unit circle. The locations of poles and zeros also affect the shape of the frequency response. Before exploring their impact in the exercises coming up, Iet,s review the polar and rectangular coordinates. Recall in z-Transform, the complex variable z can be represented in polar form as where r is the magnitude of z and ω is the angle/phase of z. To convert (2) to rectangular coordinates, apply the Euler identity ejw = cos(w) + jsin(w), and we get where x = r cos(w) and y = rsin(ω) are the x and y coordinates of z respectively. Machine Learning Clustering Algorithm After the formant frequencies from the speech signal are extracted, a simple machine learning algorithm is used to identify the phonemes. Specifically, a simple and intuitive algorithm called K-Means is used to group phonemes into clusters. A machine learning clustering algorithm deals with finding a structure or a pattern in a collection of unlabeled dataset. For a K-Means clustering algorithm, one has to specify the number of clusters K that the algorithm will split the data into. Note the algorithm has no prior knowledge where the centroids of the K clusters should be and has to “learn” it through an iterative process. Specifically, the algorithm tries to minimize the sum of squared distance from the data points within the clusters to their respective centroids. After the algorithm converges, data will be grouped into K number of clusters such that the data points within each cluster are closer to each other and data points from different clusters are farther apart. An example is shown in Fig. 4. The left figure plots an unlabeled data set (all data points are green). After running the K-Means algorithm with K set to two, the right figure shows the data points are split into two clusters with the centroids of the clusters identified by X’s. Also each data point is now labeled by the cluster it belongs to (blue points vs. red points). Figure 4. A data set before and after the K-Means algorithm Lab Task 1. Go to http://jdsp.engineering.asu.edu/JDSP-HTML5/JDSP.html. Build the simulation diagram as shown in Fig. 5. Note the output of LPC+ block is from the TOP. Figure 5. JDSP-HTML5 block diagram for formant estimation from speech signal The blocks, their functions and parameter settings are described below: a. Signal Generator (Long) (on the left): stores pre-recorded speech phonemes i. Choose “Phoneme a” as the signal (Note this signal is the same as the first part of the audio recording.) ii. Set Frame. Size to 160 samples. This corresponds to a 20ms window with a sampling frequency of 8000Hz, which is standard for mobile speech processing. b. Window (under “Basic Blocks”): multiplying the signal with a window function can provide better frequency resolution. i. Choose Hamming window. ii. Set the Length to 160 (same as the frame. size of the Long Signal Generator). This will multiply point-by-point the window function with the signal frame. iii. Click “Update” . c. LPC+ (under “Speech Blocks”): performs linear predictive analysis on the windowed signal, the output is the filter coefficients of an all-pole filter representing the vocal tract i. Set the LPC order to 8 d. Freq-Resp (on the left): plots the spectral envelope of the windowed signal using the LPC coefficients i. Set the scale to dB e. Formant (under “Speech Blocks”): obtains the first and second formants from the speech signal frame using the LPC filter coefficients. i. There are no parameters to set or change in the formant block. ii. This block stores the formants until the “Reset” button is clicked. Upon clicking the “Reset” button the stored formant values will be erased. f. PZ-Plot (under “Filter Blocks”): shows a pole-zero plot corresponding to the LPC filter coefficients. i. There are no parameters to set or change in the PZ-Plot block. ii. From the PZ-Plot block you can verify that an all-pole filter is used to estimate the linear predictive coefficients (all poles, with only zeroes at 0). g. FFT (on the left): computes the Fast Fourier Transform of the speech signal. i. Set FFT size to be 256. h. Plot (on the left): plot the speech signal spectrum based on output of the FFT block. i. Choose Continuous Magnitude plot in dB scale. 2. Let’s first analyze one frame of the speech phoneme signal “a”. In the SigGen(L) block, select “Frame Range” to start at 53 and stop at 53, click “Update” . You should see the plot on the right updated to “Frame. 53/383” . a. Open the Long Signal Generator, Plot (connected to FFT), PZ-Plot, Freq-Resp and Formant blocks. Take a screenshot. b. In the Plot window, why does the speech signal spectrum have a harmonic structure? c. How many poles are there in the PZ-Plot window? How many peaks in the Freq-Resp window? What is the relationship between the number of poles of the filter transfer function and the number of peaks of its frequency response? (Recall the discrete-time Fourier transform is periodic with period 2π, so the frequency 2π is connected to frequency zero.) d. Convert the poles in the PZ-Plot window from rectangular coordinates to Polar coordinates by filling out the following table. (There is a nice online conversion tool at https://www.intmath.com/complex-numbers/convert-polar-rectangular- interactive.php) Rectangular form Magnitude Phase (degrees) Phase (radians in π’s = degrees/180) What is the relationship between the phase of the poles and the locations/frequencies of the peaks of the frequency response? What about the magnitude of the peak and the width of the peaks (narrow or wide peaks)? e. In the Formant block, the first and second formants of the speech phoneme signal at frame. 53 are given in Hertz. The translation from analog frequency f in Hertz to the digital frequency in radians shown in the frequency response plot is by 2πf/fs where the sampling frequency fs = 8000Hz. Calculate the digital frequency for the two formants? Which poles in rectangular form. do they correspond to? 3. Now let’s analyze ten frames of the speech signal. First open the Formant block and click “Reset” . This will clear the stored formants. In the SigGen(L) block, select “Frame Range” to start at 51 and stop at 60, click “Rerun” . You will see ten pairs of formants are stored in the Formant block, which correspond to the first two formants of the ten frames of speech signal. Take a screenshot of the Formant window. Are the formants for the ten frames the same? Is the speech signal stationary over a long period? 4. Next let’s try the phoneme “i” . In the Formant block, click “Reset” . In SigGen(L), choose “Phoneme i” as the signal (note this signal is the same as the second part of the audio recording), and select “Frame Range” to start at 53 and stop at 53, click “Update”. Take a screenshot of the Long Signal Generator, Plot (connected to FFT), PZ-Plot, Freq-Resp and Formant blocks. 5. Lastly let’s play the phoneme “a” and “i” back-to-back (just like in the audio recording) and let the K-Means algorithm to form. two clusters. In the Formant block, click “Reset”. First, we need to acquire formant frequencies from audio data frames. Go to SigGen(L) block, choose the phoneme “a”, select “Frame Range” to start at 101 and stop at 150, click “Rerun” . You should see 50 formants stored in the Formant block. Next choose the phoneme “i”, select “Frame. Range” to start at 101 and stop at 150, click “Rerun” . You should now see 100 or 101 formants stored in the Formant block after execution. Next, add a K-Means block (under “Machine Learning Blocks”) to the output of the Formant block on the right. Open the K-Means block and set the “Clusters” to be 2. Click “Calculate” . You should see the two formant frequencies of the 100+ audio data frames on the graph with the 1st formant as the vertical axis and the 2nd formant as the horizontal axis. The centroids of the two clusters are labelled as green flowers. Click “Show MSE & Centroid Values” . Take a screenshot of the K-Means and the K-Means Values windows. Lastly, based on the centroids output by the K-Means block and Table 1, what phonemes are said in the recording?
Introduction to Accounting and Finance Diploma in Business Administration DIPLOMA IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE Year: 2024/2025 Introduction to the Module The module firstly aims to give students a sound grasp of the basics of financial accounting and reporting (context, purposes, and regulatory framework). It introduces the principal concepts of financial and management accounting. The preparation of principal financial statements will also be explored. This module is also designed to introduce students to key management accounting skills necessary to support decision-making. It will emphasise the acquisition and application of skills and knowledge necessary to inform managers responsible for planning, decision-making and control and will provide the underpinning skills and knowledge required for more advanced study. The key issues addressed will be the fundamentals of cost data collection, analysis and allocation of costs, costing of products and services using trading, profit & loss accounts and balance sheet, depreciation short term decision making - ratio analysis, budgeting and budgetary control. The key techniques and their theoretical underpinning will be explained in lecture sessions and students will be expected to work on practical examples and case studies for discussion and clarification in tutorials. LEARNING OUTCOMES Type On successful completion of the module students will be able to: Knowledge and Understanding Identify the key roles of accountants, financial managers and other managers within the organisational context and recognise the integrative nature of modern business roles; Understand key rules, concepts and conventions underpinning the production of the major accounting statements and appreciate the form and content of the accounts and annual reports of various business forms; Describe the fundamental issues regarding the classification and behaviour of organisational costs, together with the rationale for and operation of, budgets and budgetary control systems; Subject - specific Skills Record and present financial information in a prescribed format. Analyse and draw conclusions from financial information. Key Skills Communicate numerate information effectively, both orally and in writing, using appropriate information technology; 1.0 Module Outline 01 Intro to Accounting 02 Accounting - a Systematic Approach 03 The Accounting equation 04 Ensuring the quality of Financial Statements 05 Accounting information for business 06 Recognition in the Financial Statement 07 Financial Statement Analysis 08 Functions of Management Accounting 09 Classification of Costs 10 Break-even Analysis 11 Preparing a budget. 12 Capital Investment Appraisal 2.0 Assessment The assessment for this module consists of two forms of assessment. Submission and exam dates are as indicated. Part Type of assessment Word or time limit Mark Submission method Submission/ Exam dates 1 Multiple Choice Questions Test - 50% Online Test on BLACKBOARD REFER TO BLACKBOARD 2 Written Assignment II 1500 words 50% Upload as an attachment in PDF format on Blackboard REFER TO BLACKBOARD Multiple Choice Questions AS1 Test - on Blackboard Written Assignment AS2 - Answer all questions. Question 1 (20 marks) Jimmy Dog’s Designer manufactures a range of dog outfits but when the profit statement is produced there is concern that the product for (Summer coat’ is making a Ioss. Hoodcoat Summer coat Raincoat Winter coat Total $ $ $ $ $ Sales 90,000 29,000 80,000 95,000 294,000 Total costs 50,000 35,000 45,000 50,000 180,000 Profit/(loss) 40,000 (6,000) 35,000 45,000 114,000 • Total costs include $35,000 which has been shared equally between the four products. Fixed cost. Required: a. Using your knowIedge of (MarginaI Costing’ re-arrange the profit statement to incIude (Contribution’. b. Demonstrate the effect on profit if the production and sales of ‘Summer coat’ were stopped immediately. c. From your results in a. and b. above, should the ‘Summer coat’ be dropped from production? d. Other than the numeric conclusion, what other factors should be taken into consideration in the decision for the future of the ‘Summer coat’ production? Question 2 (30 marks) Naaz started up a business, and pays $80,000 into her business bank account on 1st July and budgets as follows: • Fittings to be purchased on 1st July for $90,000, and this will have to be paid for by the end of the month. Depreciation is $10,000 a year. • Wages: $10,000 per month. • Rent of warehouse will be $84,000 per annum, payable in monthly instalments at the start of each month. • Other costs incurred in the running of the business (excluding purchases) will be $40,000 per month, payable in the month in which the costs are incurred. • Purchases will be supplied on one month’s credit (i.e. purchases in July will have to be paid for by the end of August). • Half of the sales are expected to be for cash; the remaining half on credit. Naaz is budgeting to allow two months’ credit by her credit customers (i.e. credit sales in July will not be settled until September). • For the purposes of the Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet closing stock is valued at $90,000. There is no opening inventory (stock) figure for the ‘Cost of Sales’ calculation. • Naaz had drawn $500 a month. • After careful market research, Naaz expects a steady but rapid expansion in her business. Her forecast for sales and purchases is as follows: Sales $ Purchases $ July 90,000 40,000 August 130,000 50,000 September 170,000 70,000 October 260,000 90,000 November 250,000 95,000 December 300,000 120,000 Required: a. Prepare a monthly Cash Flow Statement for Naaz for six months forecast from July to December. b. Prepare a budgeted trading and Profit and Loss Account for the six months to the end of December c. Prepare the Balance Sheet for the same period. d. From the results of your cash flow comment on the viability of Naaz’s proposed business. You should provide some recommendations within your discussion. e. Analyse the Income Statement (Profit and Loss Account) and Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) with reference to the Net Profit Margin and Current Ratio. Question 3 (10 marks) The following data are accumulated by Zadok Company in evaluating the purchase of $370,000 of equipment, having a four-year useful life: Net Income Net Cash Flow Year 1 $67,500 $160,000 Year 2 47,500 140,000 Year 3 (12,500) 80,000 Year 4 (12,500) 80,000 a. Assuming that the desired rate of return is 12%, determine the net present value for the proposal. b. Would management be likely to look with favor on the proposal? Explain. Question 4 (40 marks) Download the article from the following weblink: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/recent_issues_pdf/2015/May/May_2015_143134698 4__98.pdf a. Write a summary of the article in about 200 words. b. The author mentioned number of ways which accounting scandals can be prevented. In addition to the methods mentioned in the article, think of two possible ways that future accounting frauds may happen and how you can prevent them from happening. (max.300 words)
